A Theological Response to Natural Suffering :: Earthquake Religion Suffering God Papers

A Theological Response to Natural Suffering In his book, The Sacred Canopy, Peter Berger asserts that Religion has played a strategic let out in the human enterprise of world building, and implies the farthest reach of his ( mans) infusion of reality with his own meaning. (Berger, 1967, 27) Thus, theology, another term for religion, is the effectuateation of human sense experience of the meaning of life and closely related to our daily life. The 921 earthquake occured on September 21, 1999 that caused the most serious damage in Taiwan since 1935. Besides the 921 earthquake, thither have been many other earthquakes and typhoons in Taiwan that have caused a great deal of loss of lives and properties. How do these people sense the meaning of the abject in their lives? How does theology give them the appropriate answers to help them to deal with their suffering? These issues are the ministry of theology. The purpose of this project is to examine natural suffering through the spir it of the earthquake and the various perspectives of the suffering and its relationship with the Ultimate Reality, God. The goal is to identify an appropriate explanation of natural suffering and to help those suffering to heal, undergo in-person transformation, and start new lives. The September 21, 1999 Earthquake Basic facts about the 921 earthquake At 147 on the morning of September 21,1999, Dr. Tsai, the president of Puli Christian hospital, drove on the road back to Puli. Twenty seconds after he passed a tunnel, he felt the vibration of the highway. When he turned his head, he found the tunnel he had just passed had collapse, and the crack of the road before well-nigh made him loose control of his car. It was a strong earthquake that slammed the central land of Taiwan. The earthquake was measured 7.3 on the Richter scale. During the earthquake, the people of the entire island felt the shaking of earth beneath them and the building for a few minutes. In Nanto, the area of the epicenter, almost all of the buildings collapsed. In Taichung, a close metropolis, many buildings collapsed or bent. For the rest of the night, all the people in Taiwan were in the terror from numerous aftershocks. match to one citizens description, although the building she lived in was not damaged, her family slept in their car all night for fear that their home would collapse in the next aftershock.

Misery and the American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great G

No Gatsby turned out all right in the end. It is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. When F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote these words in The broad Gatsby in 1925, he perfectly described the human splutter of the time. This was, by no means, accidental--for Fitzgerald wrote meticulously and very rarely did he leave a line unrevised. No Fitzgerald knew what he was doing he was, in two sentences, criticizing American society like no one else had. Oh, and what that foul dust turned out to be the foundation of our morality, our greatest aspiration and our heaviest of fetters, the American Dream. It is this ideal--which our society seems to work internalized--that renders all humans, not just Americans, miserable and empty. What makes The Great Gatsby the greatest American novel is not the lyrical, charming, and rapturous nature of Fitzgeralds prose style no -- it is its tenacity, the courage of Fitzgerald to stare visit America in the eyes and tell her that she is wrong, that she leads a meaningless life, that she must abandon her innate instincts in order to be truly happy. It is this honesty, as is epitomized in Nick, that makes Gatsby such an amazing statement and such an enduring work of art.It is impossible to analyze The Great Gatsby without paying close attention to the context in which it was written. The Great Gatsby was written in between World War I and The Great Depression. The former created by an appetite for power and the latter created by an appetite for pleasure. It was this forbidding appetite for pleasure that The Great Gatsby criticizes. Jay Gatsby is the greatest vi... ...te in protest, he was a rebel and criticized American society with tenacity. Gatsby was a miserable man. He is in despair, his dearest is fleeting him and he cannot find happiness without Daisy he is condemned to be miserable-- all dreamers ar e. Gatsby criticizes materialism. Gatsby has known Melancholy for too long perhaps, to make himself happy. There is no stronger take in in my mind than that of Gatsby walking around New York City, trying to find purpose, trying to find a new way to live, an alternate route toward happiness. Gatsby does not want to be a root in the dark but he cannot convince himself that he will be happy. Gatsbys aspirations are too rattling(a) for him to ever be happy, for him to rid his existence of misery. Gatsby, until he is satisfied, will walk around his existence utterly miserable his mind will never play the Earth like the mind of God.

Montana 1948 by Larry Watson - Metamorphosis from Child to Adult Essay

Montana 1948 by Larry Watson - Metamorphosis from Child to Adult maturity date whitethorn come at any age and time in a persons behavior. One moment he or she may be a carefree child, and then suddenly realize that they have been transformed into a mature adult by a powerful and traumatic experience. An experience they will remember their whole lives. Young David Hayden, the narrator of Montana 1948 by Larry Watson, has a traumatic experience. He discovers that his uncle has been sexually assaulting Native American women in his town. This is a heavy burden for a twelve year old boy, especially since it reveals that his beloved Uncle frankfurter is the bad-guy. However, one discovers, as the novel develops, that David matures and grows in range to deal with this situation. He must come to understand what has happened and how the immoral actions of Frank will affect his family and its name. But most importantly, he must know that his legality will be changed. He will learn sho cking things that would mean nothing to a child, provided everything to an adult. Larry Watson suggests that traumatic experiences transform children into adults. Therefore, disturbing experiences lead to changes of mind, suppuration in morals, and an emerging sense of adulthood. David changes his mind about Uncle Frank through the traumatic experiences regarding the discovery of Franks secret actions. Uncle Frank used to be Davids idol and David adored him. But that all changed when Davids housekeeper and baby sitter, Marie Little Soldier, becomes violently ill and is in need of a doctor. Wes Hayden, Davids father, calls his fellow Frank, who is the town doctor, to come and see her. Strangely enough, Marie Little Soldier refuses to be alone in the room with Frank. Later on, Marie tells Davids mother horrible things that Frank has been doing to Native American women. Davids mother, Gail, tells Wes as David overhears. She says, Wesley, your brother has been raping these wome n. These girls. These Indian girls David states I was beginning already to think of Uncle Frank as a criminalCharming, social Uncle Frank was gone for good (47, 49). David always thought goodly of his uncle, until he heard these ghastly statements. All the attractiveness and appeal of Frank dissipated once David knowing of his filthy behavior. David knew this information would change him forever. He takes anoth... ...mily and his parents well being, emotionally. David exemplifies this and stands by his family when they are in need. He does not desert them or feel shameful. He girdle loyal and true to those he cares for and loves. Thus, he has shown his ability to act as an adult would. One can never be too sure when the ingenuousness of childhood is lost, the sure thing is that everyone becomes an adult eventually, and thats when they lose their innocence. In many cases, this change from child to adult is a harsh one, often it is the realization that the world is not perfe ct. The shootings at Columbine is just one example. Those children were faced with the severe reality that death does not apply only to older people, but to anyone in the world. This revelation caused many of them to cease their immaturity and become an adult. And it was a very difficult task for many of them. One must be prudent for corruption rears its ugly head where you least expect it. The loss of innocence signifies a persons metamorphosis from a child to an adult. Therefore, it is the events and happenings in life that trigger this change. Work CitedWatson, Larry. Montana 1948. Milkweed (New York)1993

LBJs Great Society Essay -- Lyndon B. Johnson LBJ American Politics

When Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded the presidency after John F. Kennedys assassination he spoke of his vision of a Great Society in America. This Great Society include an end to poverty and racial injustice, and also was intended to turn America into a place where kids can enhance their mind, broaden their talents, and people could restore their conjunctive with the environment. In order to reach his goal, LBJ enacted numerous proposals involving taxes, civil rights, poverty, and much more. For the most part Johnson did an excellent job on delivering his promises, but international affairs peril the Great Society and although LBJ won the presidency in a landslide victory in 1964, by 1966 he and the Supreme Court began to face atrocious criticism. The one of the first passed in 1964 was the Tax Reduction Act which cut by about $10 billion the taxes mainly paid by conglomerates and well-to-do. other major characteristic of the Great Society was civil rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act barred discrimination in public places, any federally support program, and most employment. ...

Why Be Adolescent :: essays research papers

Why be Adolescent? I believe that I have caught on to the biggest scam in thehistory of the world. No Im not talking about long distance phone companies,or CD clubs, or even public school. Im talking about adolescence.Adolescence is the stage surrounded by 13, and the early freehanded, and late teen years.Adolescence is only found in 1st world countries that are descending fromEngland in some way. The reason for that, I believe, is that a long time agobefore the existence of America, Canada, or Australia, European countrieswere thought to be the most advanced, and proper. In almost all aspects oflife there, things were bedded in a pecking order system. They ranked theirgovernment system to have different levels of importance their social statuswas ranked, church system, police, and finally age. The age hierarchy was notvery complex. If you were older than somebody, than of course you were thatmuch closer than the top, unless they had a higher general social status thanyou. With the branching of Europe, the European ways would follow. accompany the affect adolescence has on North America. Children are treatedwith extra care until about 13 or 14. Then the stage of adolescence starts.You are given responsibility. slide fastener big, but just things like chores, and moretime out. The intention of these is good, but it is all part of the plan to makethe child ready to be an adult when theyre 18. In some(prenominal) cases the child is notused to the responsibility until well after 18, because the change is sodramatic. This could be one the reasons that we have so many youngcriminals, ages 13-25. In many Asian, and African countries, which are notcompletely influenced by European culture, adolescence simply does not exist.They are not so distressed about spanning the time of giving responsibility, butactually give it a little too soon if anything at all. A lot of the people in thesecountries dont have a lot of money, so they need the help from their offspringa s soon as they can get it. In the extreme, a 14-year-old boy could beworking to support his family with a jog for 1.25 an hour with a largeAmerican sports clothing line. This cant be good no matter how you work out atit, but on the other hand, a boy who learns responsibility at the age of 13, byworking for a relative or neighbor, doing visible labor can be very beneficial.The boy is not overwhelmed with the weight of his familys well being on his

Why Be Adolescent :: essays research papers

Why be Adolescent? I believe that I micturate caught on to the biggest scam in thehistory of the world. No Im non talking some massive distance phone companies,or CD clubs, or even public school. Im talking about adolescence.Adolescence is the stage between 13, and the early adult, and late teen years.Adolescence is only found in 1st world countries that are descending fromEngland in some way. The reason for that, I believe, is that a long time agobefore the existence of America, Canada, or Australia, European countrieswere thought to be the most advanced, and proper. In almost all aspects oflife there, things were ranked in a hierarchy system. They ranked theirgovernment system to have different levels of importance their social statuswas ranked, church system, police, and finally age. The age hierarchy was notvery complex. If you were older than somebody, than of course you were thatmuch closer than the top, unless they had a higher general social status thanyou. With the bra nching of Europe, the European ways would follow.Observe the take adolescence has on North America. Children are treatedwith extra care until about 13 or 14. Then the stage of adolescence starts.You are given responsibility. Nothing big, plainly just things like chores, and moretime out. The intention of these is good, but it is all part of the plan to makethe child ready to be an adult when theyre 18. In many cases the child is notused to the responsibility until well after 18, because the change is sodramatic. This could be one the reasons that we have so many adolescentcriminals, ages 13-25. In many Asian, and African countries, which are notcompletely influenced by European culture, adolescence simply does not exist.They are not so worried about spanning the time of giving responsibility, butactually give it a little too soon if anything at all. A lot of the people in thesecountries dont have a lot of money, so they need the help from their offspringas soon as they can get it . In the extreme, a 14-year-old boy could beworking to support his family with a jog for 1.25 an hour with a largeAmerican sports clothing line. This cant be good no matter how you look atit, but on the other hand, a boy who learns responsibility at the age of 13, byworking for a relative or neighbor, doing physical promote can be very beneficial.The boy is not overwhelmed with the weight of his familys well being on his

Winston Moseley

Outline Thesis Statement Winston Moseley has had three major details that impacted his life, such as his back ground, his crimes, and his time in jail. I. Winston Moseley was a working man and had a family. a. Moseley owned a home in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. b. He worked as a machine mover in New York. c. Moseley was raising two children with his wife in Queens. d. He was apprehended on swear out 18, 1964, while trying to steal television. e. He did not have any previous criminal record. II. Moseley was charge with three murder cases. a. The crime he is most known for is the Genovese murder on edge 27, 1964. b.On the day of the arrest, for the murder of Catherine Genovese, Moseley confessed to the murder of two other women. c. He confessed to the murders of Barbara Kralik, Annie Johnson, and Catherine Genovese. d. Moseley was appointed the death sentence. e. On the other hand, Moseleys mental condition was admitted into the case as new evidence and his sentence was reduce d to life in prison. III. Once convicted, Moseley tried e realthing to acquire early parole. a. Winston Moseley had six appeals between the age of 1984-1995, only to be denied. b. The state parole board described Winstons behavior as bizarre and self-serving in his meetings. . While in prison Moseley wrote many a(prenominal) letter to newspapers and magazines in order to receive early parole. IV. For these reasons, is why Winston Moseley is where he is today. a. Moseley is a criminal and has spent 48 geezerhood and counting of his life in prison. b. He had the American dreama house, wife, and kids. c. He threw his life away when he decided to become a murder. Image a woman with a harming husband, the couple enjoy raising two wonderful children together and are happily married. The husband has a solid job and seems to be a law-abiding citizen.However, on a ordinary spring day, her joyful home life comes to a complete standstill. Her husband, Winston Moseley is arrested on three counts of murder. In addition to murder, Winston Moseley is suspected of existence associated with several other recent crimes. Winston Moseleys life can be characterized by three major settings his family life, his crimes, and his imprisonment. Winston Moseley was known to everyone around him as a representative family man, and he owned a house in Queens, New York. Winston worked as a machine operator in New York, and he work very hard to support his family.He and his wife, were also busy raising their two children. He did not have any type of previous criminal record. However, Winston Mosley was arrested on March 18, 1964 for attempting to steal a television. He was 28 years old at the time of his first arrest. This shocking arrest was only the beginning of convictions made towards Moseley. (Gado investigation 1) Moseley secret life of crime began suddenly began to unravel. Moseley was later charged with several rapes, burglaries, and three homicides (Philpin 3). The crime for w hich he became most well-known was is the Genovese murder on March 27, 1964.On the day Mosley was arrested for the murder of Catherine Genovese, he also confessed to the murder of two other women. He had previously murdered Barbara Kralik and Annie Johnson, as well as Catherine Genovese (Philpin 3). Following his trial, Moseley was given the death sentence. Later, Moseleys unstable mental condition was admitted into the case as evidence of his unpredictable behavior, and his sentence was reduced to life in prison. During his imprisonment, Moseley tried numerous times to acquire an early parole. He attempted to demonstrate every evidence of personal reform.He read books, wrote letters, and he made an attack to earn a college degree in Sociology. A rumor had even circulated that Moseley wrote a letter to the Genovese family asking for their forgiveness (Philpin 3). Winston Moseley had six appeals between the years of 1984 1995 while in the Attica prison, yet he was denied each time. The State parole board conducted several evaluation meetings with Winston Moseley and described his behavior as odd and self-absorbed. Moseley wrote many letters to newspapers and magazines in his efforts to obtain sympathy and receive an early parole. His efforts were ineffective. Gado Journey) Winston Moseley remains in prison to this day. So far, he has spent 48 years of his life in prison. He was once a family man who lived the American dream. He had a lovely wife, healthy children, a house, and a good job. Yet, Moseley chose to pitch away this pleasing life for a life of crime, including the worst crime of all murder. Works Cited Gado, Mark. Investigation. n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. . The Journey of Winston Moseley. n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. Philpin, John. Who the Hell Is Winston Moseley? And Why Would Anyone assistance? 30 Dec. 2005. Web. 20 Feb. 2012.

Marketing Mix Essay

Marketing Mix is a set of strategy merchandising tools that a firm mingles and pursues its merchandiseing objective in the target market. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p.51) The main solve of marketing is satisfies the needs of consumers. This concept was introduced by Harvard University Professor Neil Borden first adopted in 1964. (Neil Borden, 1964) It is the basis for the development of corporate marketing strategy in separate to guarantee and satisfaction consumer needs and wants. In addition, it is in addition a trick for corporate against a strong competitor to rational allocation of corporate marketing budget costs and avoids the market failure. In the early 1950s, Professor McCarthy inference if a firm wants to develop marketing activities should be controlled factors grouped into four categories which be product, price, place and promotion. (McCarthy, 1960)The emergence of the marketing mix means that the concept of market operators to complete the transformation of old and rude(a) regulations read, the development of rude(a) ideas marketing concept. The marketing concept is the core of the target customers needs as the centre, the implementation of the marketing mix focusing on the overall market to obtain bring ins and deliver the goods corporate marketing objectives. For example, the marketers go out manipulation the tools to adapt the consumer differ from that of a traditional and new technology product which is telegraph and Apple.The telegraph is a openhearted of communication services in the early 19th century invention, is the earliest use of electricity to communicate. The telegraph has greatly accelerated the flow of gists, is one of the meaning(a) inventions of the industrial society. Early telegraph communications in the land, and later utilize the submarine cable to carry out long-distance service. To the early 20th century, began to use the radio sent telegram to the telegraph business basically soak up been able to reach most of the region on Earth. Telegraph is mainly used as a pass text messages. (Robert, 2012)Apples was established in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the core business is electronic technology products. The most historied product is the MacBook, iPod music player, iTunes Store, iPhone and the iPad Tablet PC. It is cognise for innovation in high-tech enterprise. When they introducedi bring forward4 and iPad, it is shook the entire world, because it delivers the latest advanced and progressive in the smart phone to the mess. Coupled with the advances of the Internet, deal muckle communicate with each other in the quickest and shortest possible time. (Shane, 2010, p.2) When the telegraph was invented was shook the world Apple technology demonstrable was also shook the world. However, two products were invented at different times, so the marketing mix will be also different.Marketing Mix Tools harvest-feastProduct is anything that can be offered to the market/consumer in or der to satisfy their needs and wants. The types of product divide into tangible (physical goods) and intangible (services). (Philip Kotler et al, 2005, p.34) The telegraph was provided service to send the message from place to place and the Apple Company was provided physical goods to consumer e.g. IPhone and MacBook. According the MarketingTeacher theory, the core level of the two products is same. The reasons that both products shocked the world are the great inventions and consumers truly want to secure for communications. 19th century, the augmented product are limited because the technology is not so developed, the telegraph service will be hampered, much(prenominal) as, Malaysia sent a telegram to the British have to spend to a greater extent than on time.Moreover, this service is difficult to guarantee that service failure in the affectionateness or cannot reach. (Marketingteacher, 2012) However, at that time, the telegraph is the most advanced ways of communication. The telegraph introduced was successful to meet the consumers expectations. The Telegraph can do is keep the research becomes more convenient such as e-mail developed.With the advancement of the Internet, using IPhone to send information may completely need a few of seconds or minutes. go technology has been sufficient to attract and influence customers to buy e.g. Internet-ready communications device complete with email, web browsing, maps, application and more Apple has been able to become the largest electronics society because the tag-strategy decision. According Kotler and Keller theory, a bon ton has 4 choices when it comes to brand strategy. Apples continuouswith line extension in recent years, such as the IPhone 3 development to the iPhone 4s. In addition, they also focus on brand extension e.g. IPod music player, MacBook, and IPad. (Kotler and Keller, 2011, p.260-261) Constant innovation will affect consumers become more keen to get better items. Apples was stimulated th e genuine product by implementing new design, operability, and user-friendly features. (Shane, 2010, p.13-19)PricePrice is the amount of money gainful by consumers in order to obtain goods and services. It is the most flexible marketing mix tools compared to the other three P because it can be changed according to certain situations. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p.290) For example, price can change to low when serve a familiar customer. The era of the telegraph, telegraph monopoly by one partnership and demand more than supply. The absence seizure of competitors, the level of prices is actually not greater impact on consumer decision-making. (Anonymous, 2010) In fact, the telegraph has reached maturity which mean successfully to maximize profit and maintain the market share, but in the end cannot be avoided the market penetration by new technology such as call back and fax.Nowa solar days, the harvest strategies for the telegraph were pacify processing, but it become the histor y and use less service. Apple also plans to continue lowering product prices, despite the fact that doing so would affect the companys gross margins unfavourably. (Shane, 2010, p.19) This obviously shows Apple considering the current trend. There are a lot of competitors, the price must be reduced, and consumers will give precedence to their own economic situation and needs. For example, the MacBook is very expensive, but other brands have the same technology, but the price is low, then the Apple will lose in price. In fact, there are many factors to help Apple successful, such as, iPhone does not have the driving force without internet, or, people do not have high purchasing power in less advanced country,PlacePlace refers to urban and suburban whereby goods and services are made available to customer. (Philip Kotler et al, 2005, p.34) hole is also very important tactic, if the telegraph company established beside garbage,this is impossible there are business opportunities. Apple s successful because it expands the market sizing of the companys product to every urban in the worlds. They have a priority to brand honor, low price, and then choose a high population place, coupled with a reasonable promotion, the consumer is difficult to reject the attractive of the good opportunity to satisfy the needs and wants. For example, consumers can buy the iPhone in every city. Even if Apple was provide a good product, but there are other factors to affect the sales volume such as PEST. For example, in Malaysia, the government set the minimum salary is not high economic downturn the extremists are not satisfied with phone radiation or higher scientific and technological discovery.The contrary, the telegraph machine may be a country solo a few units, if consumer want to send a message, he must go very far in order to be sent information. However, they share the invention to the world, thus affecting the entire market. Countries can use the telegraph to the purchase of a dvanced equipment from foreign countries, is very fast compared to letters. Communications make it easier for the world to develop their own countries, such as capital of the United Kingdom and New York. At the same time, the inventions of telegraph available share to other inventors in order to research and development other invention, such as telephone and Internet.PromotionPromotion is a planned effort of an organization to communicate the company offerings to customer as well as trade members, it is also known as marketing communications. (Philip Kotler et al, 2005, p.34) As competition, Apples combinations of more promotional tools (promotion mix) (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p.290) used to provide information and services to consumers, such as advertizing the new type of iPhone 4s, or, remind the iPad product still available on market. And, sales promotion which is the package promotion provided by the middle man. For example, Maxis communicate company launched buy in low pric e with two 2 year contract for using Maxis service line. (Maxis 2012)In opposite, the telegraph was invented, may be placed on billboards to inform the existence of the telegraph service. Or, they may in publish in the newspaper to post the benefits of the telegraph.Today it is impossible to see the telegraph promotional, because the telegraph has reached pooh-pooh stage in product life-cycle. The promotion is a very important tool to reach consumers, providers must be given attractive and priorities guideline to consumers, in order to achieve market comparative advantagesConclusionConclusion, if the company has long existed in the market, consideration must be given to 4p will not split up the service to the consumers. Second, companies must avoid all factors that influence consumer decisions making and continuous research and development in order to avoid be eliminated by new technology.-Question 2 (Part 2)a)My name is Apple is a red with white strips of fruit plants. Apple fles h has a wealth of minerals and vitamins, the most comm exactly people used fruit. My flesh contains vitamin C and B, carotene, riboflavin, pyridoxine, dietary fibre and vitamin B complex, and so on Nutrition. Vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant which helps the body to develop and enlarge the resistance, and cleared from the body of the harmful free radicals. Dietary fibre can helps prevent absorption of dietary LDL cholesterol in the gut. The dietary fibres also help protect the mucous membrane of the colon from exposure to toxic substances by binding to cancer causing chemicals in the colon. (Nutrition-and-you, 2012)In addition, my skin is yellow, atomic number 19 and red, yellow and red where the flesh is sweet, while the blue is sweet with a tart. Planting apple will not be very difficult, farmer only need the seeds of apple and buried in the soil to take care of, in the end can grow a new generation of me. pecks market, consumer can buy me with 0.2 pounds per unit.How ever, not every country of the soil can be cultivated apple, in precisely about countries, the weather was too hot, or too cold, there are not suitable togrow a sweet and delicious apple e.g. Arabia and Egypt. (Rutuja Jathar, 2011) My apple peel is rich in antioxidant function, so it gives me more durable. Businesses are regarded me long-distance transported to other countries, and keep fresh selling out. My fleshes bring a lot of benefit therefore, businesses have to use my benefits to earn profit in the market. most marketers edit my appearance as a billboard to let people know the benefits some lecturer launch courses to teach people why eat apple some even speak An apple a day keeps the doctor away., let people every days jell me into their mouth. But I am very happy, because it can provide sustenance to the people, and also to give business opportunities to the businesses.b)The 21st century, as the peoples life-style changes, healthy is the future trends. Marketers were t ook my benefits packed into the marketing mix to make a profit e.g. health care products. In fact, the benefits also allow employers to solve some problems, that is, reduce the employees work attitude. Some unemployed tradesmen are quite willing to interview, but less than enthusiastic about taking a job. In fact, every companys marketing strategy will directly affect the employees attitude, such as the companys tactics cannot growth the profit, so will make employee lose fighting spirit. My marketing mix, it is undeniable that can help many employees.First, according to the Matt Michel theory, the visibility and benefits of the product is to improve the companys sales. Sales will be able to enhance the employees salary, which is the best reason to convince the employees. If the company is not profitable, the employee is no longer reclaimed by the employer. The employee will be particularly concerned about the ability to obtain better benefits, such as salary increase, allowances, and so on. Secondly, although the price is just one ringgit an apple, but this price is a very big influence to the market.Some people believe that the price of one ringgit is difficult to obtain more profit, but the global populations are more than 6.9 billion, if one person to eat an apple a day, if an apple earns 0.01 pounds, the employer successful to earn 69million. If the employer with a high brand image, employee can be proud to work in thecompany.Thirdly, apple can sell all over the world can affect the employment rate. Some places cannot grow apples, but the employer can transfer the apple to the country with the advance of technology e.g. keep fresh and air transportation. The finally is promotion. An apple a day keeps the doctor away, I believe everyone knows the proverb. There is no doubt that it was enough to affect the consumers of existing and next generation, and only need the proverb advertising to remind the consumers to buy it. Apples low has been reached maturity , unless it was confirmed that the Apple bringing harmful, otherwise the employee will agree that the business opportunity of apple will not be end. (Matt Michel, 2010)c)Admittedly, I have many benefits but also have a negative side. Apple skin can protect the slop of fresh, but if it loses the apple skin, the pulp will become no nutrition and broken just in ten minutes, so consumers must be block it in short time. Of course, the solution is placed the flesh in the water contains antioxidant, so apple can maintain and extend the nutrition of the flesh, but this is only a temporary solution, it is best to immediately eat. Apple is a natural plant items, Apple can improve peoples health, which is the largest business opportunities. Consumer only can use the existing technology to maintain the nutrition of apple such as plastic fresh wrap.ReferencePart 1 telephone extensionPhilip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2006. Principles of Marketing 14th edition, p.51-290, Pearson Education Limited, Prentice Hall, USA.Borden, Neil H. (1964), The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, 4 (2), 2-7.Robert McNamara, unknown year (2012 copyright). The Invention of the Telegraph Changed Communication constantly A Communication Revolution Wired the sphere In the 19th Century, online, n.d, available from World spacious Web http//history1800s.about.com/od/inventioninnovation/a/telegraph01.htm accessed date 03th may 2012Shane R. Mittan, 2010. APPLE A Case Study Analysis, 28th Jan, Western Michigan University, West Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo,Philip Kotler, Veronica Wong, John Saunders, Gary Armstrong, 2005. Principles of Marketing, 4th European Edition, p.34-36, Pearson Education Limited, Mateu-Cromo Artes Graficas, Spain.Anonymous, 2010, level of the U.S Telegraph Industry, online, 01th Feb, available from World Wide Web http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us accessed date on 03th whitethorn 2012Marketingteacher, 2012, Three Level s of a Product, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web http//marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-three-levels-of-a-product.html Accessed date on 04th May 2012Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, 2011. Marketing Management, 14th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 18th Feb, p.260-261, Prentice Hall, USA.Maxis, 2012. iPhone 4S iVALUE PLANS, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web http//www.maxis.com.my/ individualised/iphone/rates.asp accessed date on 04th May 2012IOANNIS KOMNINOS, 2002, Product Life Cycle Management, online, n.d, source from URENIO, available from World Wide Web http//www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf accessed date on 04th May 2012Part 2 ReferencesRutuja Jathar, 2011. Apple Trees Planting Location, online, 20th September, available from World Wide Web http//www.buzzle.com/articles/apple-trees-planting.html accessed date on 07th May 2012nutrition-and-you, 2012. Apple fruit nutrition facts, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web http//www.nutrition-and-you.com/apple-fruit.html accessed date on 07th May 2012Matt Michel, 2010. tilize a marketing mix to recruit employees, online, 1st Nov, available from World Wide Web http//contractormag.com/columns/michel/utilize-marketing-mix-1110 accessed date on 07th May 2012

Character analysis of “The Hitch-Hiker” by Roald Dahl Essay

The bridle tramp steamers appearance was described as a picayune stoolty faced man with grey teeth, rat like eyes, slightly pointed ears, wearing a cloth hat, greyish coloured jacket with enormous pockets. In other words, he looked like a human rat. In my opinion I destine that Roald Dahl describes the hitch hiking similarly to a rat so that it makes the lector come across that the hitch hiker is likely a looney-toon, murderer or some other sort of criminal. Once the reader adopt that, it will make them predict that something bad or interesting will happen involving the narrator and hitch hiker.The hitch hikers appearance as a rat also predicts his personality. When normal human beings think of ratty type people, their stereotypical reaction will be that the person is selfish, backstabbing, dirty, smelly, disloyal, violent and probably a criminal.At the beginning of the story, the narrator asks the hitch hiker why the he was going to the horse races if he wasnt going to bet, the hitch hiker acts as if he didnt hear the question and doesnt seem to like it. These actions predict that something is up, otherwise why wouldnt he answer the question.In the story, the hitch hiker has very fast hands. He managed to roll up a cigarette in just 5 seconds. He also managed to knick turned the narrators watch, wallet, shoelace, driving license, key ring with keys, coins, a letter, a diary, and an expensive sapphire and pearl ring, belonging to the narrators wife.The hitch hikers extremely talented hands make the readers assume that the hitch hikers job, that he has been hiding all along, had something to do with his hands, leading the reader to assume that he was probably a pick pocket. nonetheless again Roald Dahl makes the readers assume something and then surprises the reader in this case the hitch hiker is actually a finger smith, apparently the top range in the pick pocket career.When the hitch hiker speaks, he has an accent, for example he says, guvnor odcar rier. This lets the readers know that he is probably not from London, and from the unsophisticated side.The most noticeable thing about the hitch hikers speech is that he manages to criticize every(prenominal)thing as if he looks down on every type of job out there. For example when the narrator guesses the hitch hikers job as a piano player, the hitch hiker responds saying, My job, is a hundred times more difficult than a piano player, any twerp can learn how to do that. When the narrator guesses that the hitch hiker is a card player, the hitch hiker responds saying, Me A rotten cardsharper? Thats a miserable racket if ever there was one.The hitch hiker criticizing every job makes the reader think that he must be incredibly skilled and talented, and that his job is the most knowledgeable job out there. Yet again, Roald Dahl surprises the readers that the hitch hiker is in the criminal business even though all the clues add up to it.The relationship between the narrator and hitch hiker is very strike and unpredictable. It turns out that they become friends in the end despite the fact that the hitch hiker is a criminal and the narrator is a successful writer. I think that Roald Dahl teaches a little lesson in this story that even the two most opposite type people can have something in familiar and become friends.

Quantitative Methods

Decision Science Management Please show all your work with the problems in steps but not just answers. 22. Reiser Sports Products wants to hold back the number of All-Pro (A) and College (C) footballs to produce in order to maximize lucre over the next four-week planning horizon. Constraints affecting the output signal quantities atomic number 18 the production capacities in three departments cutting and dyeing sewing and inspection and packaging. For the four-week planning period, 340 hours of cutting and dyeing time, 420 hours of sewing time, and 200 hours of inspection and packaging time are available.All-Pro footballs provide of $5 per unit and College footballs provide a profit of $4 per unit. The linear programming model with production times expressed in proceedings is as follows Max 5A + 4C s. t. 12A + 6C 20,400 Cutting and dyeing 9A + 15C 25,200 Sewing 6A + 6C 12,000 Inspection and packaging A, C 0 A portion of the graphical solution to the Reiser problem is shown in Fi gure 2. 23 a. Shade the feasible region for this problem. b. Determine the coordinates of each extreme point and the corresponding profit.Which extreme point generates the highest profit? c. Draw the profit line corresponding to a profit of $4000. Move the profit line as far from the origin as you can in order to determine which extreme point will provide the optimal solution. Compare your answer with the approach you used in part (b). d. Which constraints are binding? Explain. e. Suppose that the determine of the objective function coefficients are $4 for each All-Pro model produced and $5 for each College model. Use the graphical solution procedure to determine the new optimal solution and the corresponding value of profit.

Why You Think It Is Important to Study Counseling

In our everyday life we hear about these issues all the time. Remaining value- unbiassed about abortion, suicide, adultery, drug use, domestic violence, and minor abuse, will not be very easy because we all have our different opinion on such issues. Some of these issue my friends and I discuss everyday and we springtime our value opinion on these issues which is a little rough. If I would take my personal value along with my friends personal value and establish it into my therapy session, it would become overkill.Whether or not I agree with the issues that I am presented with and may not agree with the values of customers, I must lever the rights of my clients to make ethical issues. Abortion will be a value clash to a divvy up of centeringor, because of their own personal ethics and value. Abortion is a extended issue even with Politics no one has or knows the right thing to say, and if you say something wrong trust me you will be crucified in domain or a court room. Perso nal Values Counselors are aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors and avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals. Counselors respect the diversity of clients, trainees, and research participants (A. 4. b) Remaining value-neutral to suicide will be very hard, especially for me until I evaluate whether a persons suicide or hastened death is rational. Also, I need to confront my own fear about death and dying.I know one day we all have to go, solely it is hard to know someone you love or care about is going to die or is suffering and want to end their lives. I tone if a client comes in for therapy to discuss suicide I would listen and find out if the client decision is a rational suicide. I do not think anyone should suffer before they die, if the client has a terminal illness and she tired of the constant suffering and want to end her life, I would counsel the client and help her with her decision.Counselors have their own personal values ab out sexual practices, so when a client comes to me as a therapist that is wittingly committed adultery or in domestic violence relationship I become judgmental. I feel I cannot remain value neutral about these issues. Two men in my life committed adultery which I have children with, I cannot forgive them, my home got destroy because of their adultery not only did I suffer but so did my children. I cannot be bias with a client who comes to me with those issues.I would make it clear to the client that it is my occupation not theirs when I refer them to someone else. My good friend was in a domestic violence marriage and I watch her suffer. I essay to talk with her concerning her health, I told her that man can kill her one day nothing I could have said could make my friend leave her husband. When she had her daughter, the get the better of continue until I threaten to call ACS on her and take her daughter out of that environment, I let her know I am the God start of her daughter an d I will not stand by and watch my God daughter grow up in that environment.This almost took our friendship, what was she thinking? I think this is a good as time as any to refer the client with these issues to someone else because my values and those of the client clash to such extremity that I do question my ability to be helpful. Yarhouse and VanOrman (1999) assert that value conflicts between clients and therapists are inevitable. The challenge for therapists is to recognize when their values clash with a clients values to the extent that they are not able to function effectively.I feel these two issues might lead me to consider referring the client to another(prenominal) counselor, and if referring them was not an option I would read my ACA codes and keep referring to my supervisor or peers to help me with the clients Some counselors can remain value-neutral on drug use because most counselors that are drug counselors were once drug abuser themselves. The counselors can empat hize with their feelings and the struggle that the clients are going to face, because they have shared experiences and value.I had a lot of friends that turned to drugs, and now they are drug free, working, got housing, and got their children back. There are a lot of options for drug abuser like rehab centers, detoxification clinic, methadone programs, and outpatient clinic. Issues such as child abuse are hard to remain value-neutral especially when you have children of your own. The ethic code will have to be use a lot so you can counsel the client with the same respect you will give anyone else. I would also look into other programs such as parenting, and group run across so the clients can attend additionally.

Royal Enfield

purple Enfield Brand Rejuvenation of laborcycle in India The year 2000 could convey been decisive. That was when the board of directors at Eicher Motors decided to both shut squander or sell off royal stag Enfield the companys Chennai-based ride division, which manufactured the iconic gage motor hertzs. For all its reputation, the sales of the bike was down to 2,000 units a month against the plants installed capacity of 6,000 losses had been mounting for age. Just one person stood up to the board, insisting Royal Enfield should get other chance.He was Siddhartha Lal, a third generation member of the Delhi-based Lal family, promoters of the Eicher group of companies. Lal, then 26, was an unabashed Bullet fan he even rode a red coloured Bullet charm leading the baraat (procession) to his wedding venue, sooner of the traditional horse. The board agreed to give me a chance, says Lal. It was not because of its confidence in me, notwithstanding because the business was doing so naughtily it could hardly get any worse. Lal felt Royal Enfield could still be saved. The bike had its reputation, a cult following, an instantly recognisable build, and aspirational value.Changes had to be made to backup up with the times and make the bike more acceptable, and there in lay the problem. Royal Enfield fans liked the bikes exactly the way they had always been. We needful changes to reap new customers but by doing so risked losing existing ones, says R. L. Ravichandran, whom Lal brought in as CEO in 2005 as part of his revival effort. Ravichandran had earlier worked with both TVS Motor and Bajaj Auto. We were in a peculiar situation, he adds. Rejuvenating Times The change had to be a calibrated one.The mistaken notions of prospective customers had to be addressed, and any reservations nigh Bullet and Thunderbird, which was launched in 2002, removed. At the same time, Lal and Ravichandran were clear that the individuality of Royal Enfield bikes should not be co mpromised. We did not want to go down the commuter route, but instead looked at the leisure part, says Ravichandran. Retaining the bikes rugged looks was a given, including the build, the design of the head lamp and the petrol tank. But should the gears be shifted close to the riders left foot as in roughly bikes or retained on the right side?The question gave Lal and his team umpteen sleepless nights, since long time users were dead opposed to the change. The engine was another thorny question. The old cast iron engine was a relic of the past. Its separate gear box and oil sump design made it prostrate to oil leaks and it seized up very often. Its ability to meet increasingly strict emission norms was also suspect. A modern aluminium engine would eliminate these problems, but it would lack the old engines pronounced vibrations and beat which Royal Enfield customers loved.Laws of physics made it impossible to replicate these with the new engine. The new engine had 30 per cent fewer parts and produced 30 per cent more power than the old, with better fuel efficiency. By 2010, all Royal Enfield models had begun to use the new engine. Two other problems needed to be addressed the quality of some of the components Royal Enfield bikes were using, and the sales experience. The case is prepared by Prof. Sanjay Patro and Aby Abraham, XLRI Jamshedpur for academic purpose only. It is not to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a business situation To tackle the first, shop floor process were fine e ses e-tuned, whil suppliers w exhorte to le were ed improve qua ality levels. R Royal Enfield also embar d rked on a larg scale inter exercise to tone ge rnal e up performa ance. We de eclared 2006 as the year o getting bac to the bas of ck sics, says Ravichandra We also formed a fie quality ra an. eld apid action fo to bridg the gap bet orce ge tween customer expectations an the reality nd y. Slowly, the tide turned. E t Engine relate problems and oil leaka ed ages in the b bikes were tackled first.By 2008 de ealers were reporting lo ower worklo oads in the workshops. countenance c claims fell sharply too. Royal Enfi ield also beg conduct gan ting marquee rides to promote leisu biking. e ure Such steps removed the fears abou our produc dependableness some customers may h ut cts y have had, says Venki Padmanabh han, who su ucceeded R Ravichandran as CEO e n earlier this year after Ravichandra was eleva an ated to the b board of Eich Motors. To improve sales exper her e rience new expanded. company-ow wned sho owrooms were la aunched and dea alershipsIn October 2008, Roya Enfield lau al unched in G Germany its newly desig gned 500cc Classic mod inspire by J2, a del ed 1950 model Bullet wit the new engine. It was a success, th admired fo its pe for erformance and fuel economy. Emboldened Lal launch it in In d, hed ndia in Nove ember 2009 initially as a 350 cc b bike, priced at Rs 1. 20 lakh. This proved a hit too. Now, our capac it utilisation is 100 per t , ty n cent. Yet there is a six month waiting period for hs deliveries, says Venk We pla to doub our cap ki. an ble pacity soon to 1. 5 lak bikes. kh Changing T Times According to industriousness body, the Soc ciety of India Automob Manufac an bile cturers, the In ndian twost l e wheel horse industry is expected to pos an annual growth of 11-12 per cent, and the market is expected to double ever four years till 2020. A ry s According to data from Nomura and Crisil, as o d 0 wo-wheelers were sold in India 20 011-12. Vehi icles in the executive many as 10 million tw segment form the bulk of sales at 6. 5 million, f med k 6 followed by the economy segment (1. 8 million) y and premium segment (1 million). m 1. The modern series of hike in the price of petrol h s es have played a significant role in the sa of twoale wheelers, ac ccording to S SIAM, as mo first-time four-wheel buyers in rural India and tier II ost e ler n and tier III c cities have d deferred their purchases. Two-wheelers account for a very h high 76 per cent of mar rket allot in the autom n mobile sector in Asias third-largest economy. Passenger r t vehicles account for 16. 2 per cent. 25 According to a recent H t Human Deve elopment Re eport by UN NDP, India i one of the youngest is e nations with the median age being 29 yrs by the year 2020.A the pene h And etration figur of 35% res Urban and 1 14% rural in ndicates that there going to be a per g riod of grow in the tw wheeler wth wo market. Challenging Times g The compet tition in high cc two wheeler seg her gment is heat ting up. Bajaj (Pulsar 35 NS, Rs 50 1. 75 lakh), Yamaha (Sp ports bike F FZ1, a 998cc motorcycle, at a price tag of Rs 8. 7 lakh), c e Kawasaki N Ninja 650, etc are burning the rubber t enthrall In c g to ndian youths. 2 Rajiv Bajaj, Managing Director of Bajaj Auto, the 2nd Largest Motor cycle manufacturing Company of India, said We have recognized the contrary needs of the customers of our high end bikes.To supply to these needs we have established separate stores called as Bajaj Probiking Showrooms at in the major cities across the country. The Kawasaki Bajaj Ninja is available exclusively through Probiking Showrooms. Bajaj has joined hands with KTM of Austria a bike manufacturer since 1934 and has brought high end motorcycles in India under the brand KTM Duke. Hero Moto Corp after separation of its ties with Honda has become more aggressive. Honda charting out its exclusively journey wants to bring the best of the world to one of the fasted growing market of India. These are the few competitors to name.Many more will follow. Entry of Harley Davidson into India added new flavour to the higher end segment. HarleyDavidson India commenced operations in August 2009 and appointed the first dealership in July 2010. Since early 2011, Harley-Davidson has been assembling motorcycles in India at its CKD (Completely-Knocked-Down) assembly unit at Bawal in Haryana. India is the s econd country where Harley-Davidson has CKD assembly operations outside the US, after Brazil. Harley-Davidson currently offers a range of 14 models from each of its 5 families Sportster, Dyna, Softail, V-Rod and Touring.Each of the five Harley-Davidson motorcycle families boasts of a distinct character and caters to the varied sensibilities of the broad range of customers. Road Ahead Siddharth Lal observed that it grew at 42% and could sell 74,626 bikes during the year 2011. Venki is excited about the fact that demand has more than doubled and Enfield can supply and he is not bothered about the market share figures as they see themselves in a different league. In his words it is more about the context of the product, the product-market . Royal Enfield is a leisure brand that it enables customer to enjoy leisure. It is an involving and engaging motor cycle . The bike demands for continued caring kind of interaction from its riders that leads them to develop a emotional bond. Today, Royal Enfields problems are of a different kind. It needs to scale up without diluting brand equity. From being the most expensive bike on Indian roads, today it faces challenges from iconic global brands such as Harley-Davidson which has entered the Indian market. With other competitors getting battle ready,how can it hold on to customers through the waiting period of six to eight months.Driving change when the chips are down is easy, when there is no other option. In Royal Enfields case the? What would be your recommendations to Mr. Venki Padmamnabhan, CEO, with regard to its future roadmap, Product schema, Brand Management /engagement and Marketing strategy? 3 Exhibit 1 Production figures for 2012 Jan-12 Hero Motocorp Ltd. 458848 7303 Royal Enfield 76 Harley Davids Feb-12 479927 8005 116 Mar-12 502208 9004 104 Apr-12 485325 9013 104 May-12 515627 9256 100 Jun-12 517848 9265 74 Jul-12 469951 10057 90 Aug-12 401194 10237 86 Sep-12 367869 10255 87 Oct-12 426307 10606 78Exhibit 2 Ha rley Davidson Bikes monetary value disputation India Harley Davidson Super Low wrong In India 5. 5 lakh Harley Davidson IRON 883 Price In India 6. 5 lakh Harley Davidson 883 Roadster Price in India 7. 5 lakh Harley Davidson Forty-Eight Price In India 8. 5 lakh Harley Davidson nightster Price In India 9. 95 lakh Harley Davidson XR1200x Price In India 11. 95 lakh Harley Davidson bridle-path bob Price In India 13. 95 lakh Harley Davidson Super Glide Custom Price In India 15. 45 lakh Harley Davidson Fat Boy Price In India 19. 2 lakh Harley Davidson FLSTFB Fat boy Special Price In India 19. lakh Harley Davidson Haritage softail classic Price In India 20. 2 lakh Harley Davidson Night ROD Special Price In India 19. 55 lakh Harley Davidson Road king Price In India 22. 45 lakh Harley Davidson Street glide Price In India 24. 2 lakh Harley Davidson CVO ultra classic electra glide Price 34. 95 lakh Exhibit 3 Royal Enfield Bikes Price List in India 2012 Royal Enfield Classic Chrome 1,67,000 Royal Enfield Desert Storm 1,57,000 Royal Enfield Electra 5 S 69,000 Royal Enfield Bullet 500 Classic 1,23,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird K.S. 89,000 Royal Enfield Bullet 350 ES 85,600 Royal Enfield Machismo 350 78,000 Royal Enfield Electra 4 S 93,100 Royal Enfield Machismo 500 1,04,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird S. S 1,07,000 Royal Enfield Bullet 350 UCE Rs. 99,500 Royal Enfield Electra Twinspark ES Rs. 1,11,000 Royal Enfield Electra Twinspark KS Rs. 1,07,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird Twinspark Rs. 1,16,000 Royal Enfield Thunderbird 500 Rs. 1,66,000 4 -2 l Exhibit- Bajaj Driving the Power Revolution with Pulsar 5 Exhibit 3 Harley Davidsons Advertisements in india t 6

People management: Challenges and Choices

Due to the advent of globalization and the advancement of technology and communication, condescension is right off much sophisticated, concentrated and strategic. There is a growing need of knowledge and expertise. Although technology is a key to every business as automation is victorious place, yet, employees are of the greatest importance. The corporate culture of an organization is built through its shitforce and affects the quality of bat and decisions of the organization. There is growing competition in the founding market which has led to a rise in the need for more skilled, trained and qualified personnel.The importance of people in an organization is directly proportional to the importance of managing the people. The way the way deals with its personnel is reflected through the quality of their work, their morale and motivation. This is a briefing paper that would give an outline of the detailed essay everyplace the challenges and choices faced by the management of o rganizations with respect to their employees and staff member as it is the responsibility of the management to ensure that the workforce is non just satisfied besides also motivated.Discussion The management of an organization is a vital part of its structure without which the organization would not subscribe to a sense of purpose or direction. It is not easy to precisely define the role of management. It is easier to recognize a business that is poorly managed than it is to pinpoint the specific features of good management in a boffo business. Badly managed businesses will be poorly organized, will often have poor staff motivation and resources would be wasted or inefficiently used.Managers have some characteristics that make them effective and there are some practices that are used by the managers in order to keep the organization and its people on track. Managers are responsible for setting objectives, organizing resources and motivating staff so that the organizations aims a re met. Managers basically produce things done, not by doing all the logical arguments themselves but by functional with and through other people. Managers do not all use the same style of leadership and assorted managers will approach problems and decisions in very different ways, but the key features of management are common to all. (Stimpson, 2002)The role of managers involves the well macrocosm of the employees. In current conditions of rapid change and rising staff expectations of their stick at work, the effective management of people has become a major determining factor in influencing the success of business enterprises. Many organizations profess to get wind their employees their most important asset but all too often their policies, procedures and managerial practices contradict that view. These practices hinder the production process and affect the attitude of the employees which leads to glower motivation and hence, lower profits for the company.It is for this re ason, vital to develop employee management plans in every organization. The needs and expectation of employees from their seams has drastically evolved from the previous generation. In todays rapidly pass on society employees are more educated with further career expectations and aspirations to progress. Employees are more inclined to be a part of the organizations decision making and hear for more responsibilities. The traditional authoritarian/autocratic leadership is more outdated as employees expect to be more employed. Managers now follow a more democratic approach to leadership.With growing competition in every industry organizations are inclined to maintain a competitive edge over rivals. The unaccompanied competitive advantage many organizations have is the ability to improve the performance of their people at all levels. Therefore it is holds key importance for the HR management to be able to lead and motivate the workforce as for them to be more productive and loyal to the organization and lead the company to gain a competitive advantage with the use of people knowledge and expertise. Among the many roles of the management includes satisfying the needs of the employees and motivating them.Motivation is a general concept that is proportional to the productiveness of the employees with respect to their level of satisfaction. One of the concepts that is rather novel in todays organizations, is the notion of byplay figure. Job design is basically the process of organization the tasks and responsibilities and the structuring of the crease in a way that the job holder is more satisfied with it and hence, works more effectively. An employees job design or structure has a direct conflict over the quality of work. Job design is simply the process by which managers decide and lay d avouch the individual job definition, tasks and authority.Considering how much impact a workers job design can have over his/her quality of work and morale, it has now beco me an imperative practice for management to pay close tutelage to designing each employees job individually with respect to the workers job description, needs and abilities. Job design allows the workers to have some independence over their job timings, work settings and tasks. However, the employees are then accountable and responsible for their work and decisions as a result of their job design. Job design is started with analyzing the job.Job analysis is the process of gathering information about the job predominantly the responsibilities, functions and tasks of the job holder. The general characteristics of a job, Job requirements and job content are the three factors combine as the job description of an employee. The motivation and satisfaction levels of employees can be evaluated with their job description. The tasks, duties and responsibilities of the employee are key characteristics that indicate the employees morale and satisfaction With the help of job analysis managers c an give away the required activities and design the jobs in order to gain the optimal outcome.The basic concepts that are considered while designing a particular job are job range, job depth and job relationships. Job range can be described as the number of tasks that the worker will be expected to perform. job depth is basically the courtesy or judgment that the job holder is allowed to have over the activities and the outcomes of the job. And Job relationships are established through the decisions that the managers make regarding the embroil of control and the departmentalization. (stimpson,2002) A job can be designed in various ways.However, the most common forms of designing the job range include job rotation and job enlargement. Job rotation is the rotation of a worker from one job to another bringing a variety in the job content. Rotation may relieve the boredom of doing one task and it can give the worker multi-skills, which makes the workforce more bendable, but it does not by itself affix empowerment or responsibility of the work being performed. On the other hand, Job enlargement is the term used to the attempt of increasing the scope of a job by broadening or deepening the tasks undertaken.Job enlargement adds in more jobs of the same level rather than higher leveled tasks. Job depth which is the discretion or judgment that the job holder is allowed to have over the activities and the outcomes of the job, is concerned with the notion job enrichment. Job enrichment can be described as the tumid extension of jobs which involves the principle of organizing work so that employees are encouraged and allowed to use their full abilities and not just the physical effort. Job enrichment allows workers to be responsible for their own actions and are given a level of autonomy to make their own decision regarding their work.In todays highly competitive and aggressive business environment, the concept of leisure prison term is almost diminished. People ar e overburdened with work and find minimal time for other activities. Flexibility is important in a job design as it allows the employees to alter their work arrangement according to their needs. Flexibility allows for alternative work arrangement which allow the workers with some level of autonomy over how they get their work done. There are a number of flexible work options available for employees in organizations that value the motivation of workers and the quality of work that they yield.(Baker, 2001) Some forms of flexible work options include flexi-time which gives employees a daily choice of work hours, compressed work week allows workers to complete their job in less than a schedule work timing, job sharing, which is an agreement between a two or more employees to alter their work timings and divide their full time jobs according to hold upon hours, and another form of flexible work option is telecommuting which is the concept of allowing employees to work from remote locati ons rather than just the work place. ConclusionManagers are responsible for thrust a group towards the attainment of goals, hence, they have the authority to influence, motivate, inspire and encourage the subordinates in working at their best. The management faces a challenge when designing work that would maintain a balance between being challenging enough to uphold the feeling of self actualization in the employees and being achievable without being too stressful and threatening. Management is faced with a number of challenges and alternative when it comes to job designs and the process of creating a job description is a comprehensive and extended procedure.But if this procedure is carried out with full consideration and flexibility, it can lead to a greater employee motivation, and a better performance leading to the benefit for the organization as a whole. References Baker, M. J (2001). Marketing critical perspective on business and management. Taylor and Francis. Murphy, J. B & D. F Pyke The two-sided challenge of Job design. Retrieved 14. 01. 2009, from http//mba. tuck. dartmouth. edu/pages/faculty/dave. pyke/downloads/jobdesign. pdf Stimpson, P (2002). Business studies. Cambridge university press

Sanitation of Rooms and Equipments (Microbiology)

There are Four systems that conducted on the laboratories in set to detect the presence of microorganisms. There are Rodac mode, Swab Method, Rinse Method, and lastly Open wait on Method and it will be discussed in detail below. 2. 1. 1 Rodac Method The purpose of this Standard Operating part is to describe a program that will adequately measure the efficacy of disinfection of Rooms and equipment in to each one laboratory, RODAC plates quarter detect the presence or absence of live microorganisms (Longree and Armbruster 1996).This Method is used to monitor the pollution level of personnel gowns and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) before or during manufacturing production. The advantages of the RODAC method are that it may be prepared and stored for weeks prior to use (Harrigan 1986). Additional advantages of the RODAC method include relatively low cost, consistent and distinct rec overy, effective use by personnel without extensive training, and the elimination of labora tory manipulation subsequently consume (Marriott and Gravani 2006).On the other hand, the disadvantages of this method are the spreading of the colonies and applicable to only limited to low levels of rebel contaminants. 2. 1. 2 Swab Method The Swab method is among the most Reproducible Methods used to determine the population of microorganisms stupefy on equipment or pabulum products (Marriott and Gravani 2006). It may be used to assess the amount of contamination from the occupation, water, come forwards, facilities and food products. By using this technique the equipment surfaces, facilities and food products which to be analyzed are swabbed.The swab are reduce in a dilutant such as peptone water or phosphate buffer, according to the anticipate amount of contamination and subsequently applied to a growth mass moderate containing agar in a sterile, covered plate (David, Richard and R. 2004). There are mevery advantages to the cotton swab method. These include the ease with which any health care provider shtup procure the necessary items a CTA or culturette transport medium (Longree and Armbruster 1996). In addition, the method requires little expertise, with minimal training snip demand, and very little time required to actually per convention the procedure. On the other hand,Disadvantages of the swab method are that sampling and technique can affect the results and that the method requires manipulation to culture the sample. Swabs are designed for hard-to-reach places, and can fit easily into equipment recesses, nooks, and crevices (Tamime 2008). subsequently collection of the sample, it is recommended that a standard membrane filtration of the rinse solution be conducted. 2. 1. 3 Rinse Method The Rinse Method use elution of contamination by rinsing to permit a microbial deterrent of the resultant suspension (Forsythe 2008). A sterile fluid is manually or mechanically agitated over an entire surface.The rinse fluid then diluted and subseq uently plated, this method are more on the button compared to the swab method, because a larger surface area can be tested (David, Richard and R. 2004). While the disadvantages is that it requires time and labor to prepare solutions and media, dilute samples, pour plate samples, and count colony-forming units on the plates. 2. 1. 4 Open Dish Method The principle behind this method is that the bacterium carrying particles are allowed to settle onto the medium for a attached period of time and incubated at the required temperature.A count of colonies formed shows the number of settled bacteria containing particles (David, Richard and R. 2004). In this method petri dishes containing an agar medium of known surface area are selected so that the agar surface is dry without any moisture. Choice of the medium depends upon the kind of microorganisms to be enumerated. For an general count of pathogenic, commensal and saprophytic bacteria in air blood agar can be used (Longree and Armbru ster 1996). For detecting a particular pathogen which may be present in only small numbers, an appropriate selective medium may be used. Malt extract agar can be used for molds.The plates are tagged appropriately about the place and time of sampling, duration of exposure etc. Then the plates are unveil in the selected position for the required period of time. The optimal duration of exposure should give a square and readily countable number of well isolated colonies, for example about 30-100 colonies (McLandsborough 2003). Usually it depends on the dustiness of air being sampled. In occupied rooms and hospital wards the time would generally be between 10 to 60 minutes (McLandsborough 2003). During sampling it is better to keep the plates about I meter above the ground.Immediately after exposure for the given period of time, the plates are closed with the lids. Then the plates are incubated for 24 hours at 37C for aerobic bacteria and for 3 days at 22C for saprophytic bacteria (Mc Landsborough 2003). 2. 2 Group of microbes that often exist in the room and equipment The normal tendency of a microbial cell when it comes in polish off with a solid surface is to attach itself to the surface in an fret to compete ef? ciently with other microbial cells for space and nutrient supply and to resist any unfavorable environ-mental conditions (Adams and Moss 2000).Under qualified conditions, almost all microbial cells can attach to solid surfaces, which are achieved through their ability to put up extracellular polysaccharides. As the cells multiply, they form micro colonies, giving rise to a bio? lm on the surface containing microbial cells, extracellular polysaccharide glycocalyx, and entrapped debris. In some situations, instead of forming a bio? lm, the cells may attach to seize surfaces and other cells by thin, thread like exopolysaccharide materials, also called ? mbriae (Lappin-Scott and J. 1995).Attachment of microorganisms on solid surfaces has several impl ications on the overall microbiological quality of food. Microbial trammel to and bio? lm formation on solid surfaces provide some protection of the cells against physical removal of the cells by washing and cleaning. These cells seem to have greater resistance to sanitizers and heat. Thus, spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms attached to food surfaces, such as carcasses, ? sh, meat, and cut fruits and vegetables, cannot be easily removed by washing, and posterior they can multiply and reduce the safety and stability of the foods (Hui 2003).Similarly, microbial cells attached to a culture broth. These places, in turn, can be a constant source of undesirable microorganisms to foods handled in the environment. The concept and importance of microbial attachment and bio? lm formation in solid food, equipment, and food environments are now being recognised (Loken 1995). Limited studies have shown that under suitable conditions, many of the microorganisms important in food can form a bio? lm. Several species and strains of Pseudomonas were found to attach to stainless steel surfaces, some inwardly 30 min at 25oC to 2 hour at 4oC (Stanga 2009).Listeria monocytogenes was found to attach to stainless steel, glass, and rubber surfaces within 20 min of contact. Attachment of several pathogenic and spoilage bacteria has also been demonstrated on meat and carcasses of poultry, beef, pork, and lamb (Stanga 2009). The microorganisms found to attach to meat surfaces include Lis. monocytogenes, Micrococcus spp. , Staphylococcus spp. , Clostridium spp. , Bacillusspp. , Lactobacillus spp. , Brochothrix thermosphacta, Salmonella spp. , Escherichiacoli, genus Serratia spp. , and Pseudomonas spp (Tamime 2008).It is apparent from the limited data that microbial attachment to solid food and food contact surfaces is quite wide and needs to be considered in controlling the microbiological quality of food. Several possible mechanisms by which microbial cells attach and form a bio? lm on solid surfaces have been suggested. One hint is that the attachment occurs in two stages. In the ? rst stage, which is reversible, a cell is held to the surface by weak forces (Cramer 2006). In the second stage, a cell produces complex polysaccharide molecules to attach its outer surface to the surface of a food or equipment, and the process is irreversible.A three-step process that includes adsorption, consolidation, and colonization has been suggested by others (Cramer 2006). In the reversible adsorption stage, which can occur in 20 min, the cells attach loosely to the surface. During the consolidation stage, the microorganisms produce threadlike exopolysaccharides ? mbriae and ? rmly attach the cells to the surface. At this stage, the cells cannot be removed by rinsing (Marriott and Gravani 2006). In the colonization stage, which is also irreversible, the complex polysaccharides may mystify to metal ions on equipment surfaces and the cells may metabolize products that ca n damage the surfaces.The level of attachment of microorganisms to food-processing equipment surfaces is found to be directly related to contact time. As the contact time is prolonged, more cells attach to the surface, the size of the microcolony increases, and attachment between cells increases (Loken 1995). Fimbriae formation by the cells occurs faster at optimum temperature and pH of growth. Limited studies also showed that when microorganisms such as Pseudomonas fragi and Lis. monocytogenes are grown together, they form a more complex bio? lm than when both is grown separately (Stanga 2009).Bibliography Adams, M. R. , and M. O. Moss. nutriment Microbiology. Winnipeg Royal Society Of chemistry, 2000. Cramer, Michael M. Food Plant Sanitation Design, Maintenance, and Good Manufacturing Practices. unseasoned York CRC Press, 2006. David, McSwane, Linton Richard, and Rue Nancy R. Essentials of Food unspoiledty and Sanitation. in the raw York Prentice Hall, 2004. Entis, Phyllis. F ood Safety Old Habits and New Perspectives. ASM Press, 2007. Forsythe, Stephen J. The Microbiology of Safe Food. Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. Harrigan, Wilkie F. Laboratory Methods in Food Microbiology. Chicago Academic Press, 1986. Hui, Yiu H. Food plant sanitation. Marcel Dekker Press, 2003. Lappin-Scott, Hilary M. and J. William Costerton. Microbial Biofilms . Cambridge University Press, 1995. Loken, Joan K. The HACCP Food Safety Manual. New York Wiley Publisher, 1995. Longree, Karla, and Gertrude Armbruster. Quantity Food Sanitation. London Wiley, 1996. Marriott, Norman G. , and Robert B. Gravani. Principles of Food Sanitation. Springer Press, 2006. McLandsborough, Lynne. Food Microbiology Laboratory. New York CRC Press, 2003. Stanga, Mario. Sanitation Cleaning and Disinfection in the Food Industry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2009. Tamime, Adnan. CLEANING-IN-PLACE Dairy, Food and Beverage Operations. Wiley-Blackwell Publisher, 2008. Anita

Grammar in Context

Elbaum, Sandra. 2001. Grammar in Context 3rd ed. Boston Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Grammar in Context by Sandra N. Elbaum is an interesting approach to teaching grammar. Elbaum encases grammar in a much more reclaimable mantle by victimization accepted life examples of U. S. culture and history. Grammar is an alpha part of language, but it is technical, abstract, and boring. In order for a text to engage a student it must be interesting and pertinent to their lives. I think Grammar in Context could be effective because it does this by integrating grammar into the real world.I thought the foreword by the author was rattling touching. She starts murder by giving an example from her protest life showing how all-important(prenominal) it is to include real life contexts into language learning. She tells of being a kid and having not only having to explain the language to her Polish born parents but also the culture. This is a suitable start to a language text because what is a language without culture. They are intrinsically linked. The text starts off with a review. I think this is important because ESL students are not invariably at the same property in every category of language learning.Placement tests do their best to place students in an allot level, but learning a language is not like other subjects. For example, if you miss the lesson on the Korean War in history class you would still be able to understand a lesson on the Vietnam War. Language is much more integrated. If you dont have a strong foundation it is very difficult to progress. Having a review section in the beginning allows teachers to quickly find weaknesses in whatever fundamental areas, and address these problems in the beginning of the course.I liked that lesson one began with creating a resume and obscure letter. A resume is a very technical but also very necessary fundamental law for many ESL students. So a good deal the people who emigrate to the U. S. are well educated pr ofessionals who are prevented from rebellion to their full potential because of a language barrier. The key to getting a good job is ordinarily a good resume and by learning this skill early on ESL students who want a successful job will have one less obstacle. The basic setup of each chapter is user friendly.I like how the chapters begin with a text and the grammar focus of each chapter is highlighted in each text. This gives students a chance to learn deductively, and see grammar in use in real life situations. After the spread text the grammar rules are given and exercises are provided for practice. At the end of each chapter the lessons are summarized to give a final quick look at the content of the chapter. The next section Editing Advice seems very right-hand to me. In this section examples are given of the grammar used incorrectly then corrected.I think correction is an important tool in learning. Knowing what you cant do, or what is incorrect in a language is often as important as knowing what you can do. The last part of the chapter has an important section called Outside Activities this section provides activities that prompt students to look for examples of their grammar lessons in authentic texts external of the classroom. Outside Activities is a vital section because one failing of all text books is the fact that they cannot stay current.Things are always changing so fast in life that it is impossible to include authentic texts that are up to date after the publishing process, the distribution process, and finally introduction into the classroom. By encouraging students to look outside the classroom the most recent and relevant examples of grammar in use are able to be structured into the educational process. The section on Internet Activities is similar but encourages students to use the computer to find grammar in context.This skill could be very useful for less tech savvy ESL students. Providing grammar in context is an important aspect of teaching because it takes a dull but necessary subject and makes it more relevant. ESL students are often very busy, and by combing lessons on grammar and U. S. culture kills to birds with one stone. It would be possible to teach grammar using irrelevant topics, but why would anyone want to do that when its so easy to incorporate real life contexts into everyday lessons. Word Count 723

Gender Differences in Peer and Parental In?uences: Body Image Disturbance

daybook of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 421429 ( C 2004) Gender Differences in peer and P bental In? uences strong-arm structure compute derangement, Self-Worth, and Psycho reproducible Functioning in Pre teenaged Children Vicky Ph bes,1 Ari R. Steinberg,2 and J. Kevin Thompson3 Received April 17, 2003 revised January 20, 2004 accepted February 11, 2004 The conn electroshock therapyions between consistency go out foreboding and mental surgical procedure waste been well established in samples of aged(prenominal)er adolescent girls and novel women. Little is known, however, or so system come across in juvenileer children.In particular, little is known about possible grammatical sexuality dissentences in preteen children. The current subscribe in explored self-reported dust character ruction and psychological functioning in relation to consort and p atomic number 18ntal in? uences in 141 elementary school-aged girls and boys aged 81 1. Results declare that girls are more concerned about fast and are more preoccupied with their tilt than are boys. Girls also reported a great drive for thinness and a higher(prenominal) take of family story of consume concerns than did boys.Correlations suggested that girls experiences of tree trunk reckon concerns ( consistence dissatisfaction, bulimia, and drive for thinness) were connect to a number of factors (such(prenominal) as family tarradiddle of eat concerns, peer in? uences, vamp, slump, and initiation(prenominal) self-worth) whereas boys experiences of body ambit concerns were think to fewer factors. On the root of these ? ndings, the assessment and treatment of body digit concerns in immature children (especi wholey girls) are of great importance. Implications for intervention and measure programs are discussed. KEY WORDS body image peers parents.The prevalence of lading and body image concerns among preadolescent children is overwhelming. Betwe en 30 and 50% of adolescent girls are either concerned about their encumbrance or are actually dieting (e. g. , Thompson and 1 Vicky Phares, Ph. D. is a Professor and Director of Clinical Training at the University of South Florida. She received her Ph. D. in Clinical psychological science from the University of Vermont. Her major look for interests are fathers and aimmental psychopathology. She of late published a textbook, Understanding Abnormal Child Psychology with Wiley and Sons.To whom correspondence should be addressed at University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PCD 4118G, Tampa, Florida 33620 e-mail emailprotected cas. usf. edu. 2 Ari R. Steinberg, Ph. D. graduated from the University of South Florida, where she earned her M. A. in Psychology and her Ph. D. in Clinical Psychology. Her major research interests are cognitive and psychosocial correlates to the development of body image e-mail emailprotected cas. usf. edu. 3 J. Kevin Tho mpson, Ph. D. is a Professor of Psychology at the University of South Florida.He received his Ph. D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Georgia. His major research interests are body image and eating disorders. Smolak, 2001). Such concerns about size and/or appearance cave in been name to predict onset of eating disturbances futurely (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Stice, 2001). Although most of the front research on eating disorders has focuse on adult women and adolescent girls, it has recently been shown that clog downing concerns and body image disturbance exist in younger girls and boys (Cusumano and Thompson, 2001 Field et al. 2001 Ricciardelli and McCabe, 2001 Ricciardelli et al. , 2000 VanderWal and Thelen, 2000). Self-esteem concerns appear to be related to body image disturbance in young children, scarce at that place does non appear to be a causative link between self-esteem and body image disturbance (Mendelson et al. , 1996). Speci? cally, body image d isturbance and forgetful self-esteem appear to develop concurrently in young boys and girls. Given these important issues, the current analyse attempted to examine the psychological, familial, and social correlates of weight concerns and eating disturbances in preadolescent girls and boys. 21 0047-2891/04/ degree centigrade0-0421/0 C 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 422 BODY IMAGE AND DIETING BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN The connections between body image disturbance and psychological maladjustment in adolescence have been well documented. in that location appears to be pervasive concerns among adolescents with consider to their weight, body image, dieting, and eating behavior (Smolak and Levine, 2001 Thompson et al. , 1999). In fact, averageweight adolescent girls are almost as likely to be dieting as their overweight peers (Rodin et al. , 1985).These patterns are evident in twain clinical and nonclinical samples. Bunnell et al. (1992) inquired body soma con cerns among 5 samples of female adolescents anorexia nervosa clients, bulimia nervosa clients, subclinical anorexia, subclinical bulimia, and n wizating disordered females. They found that body make dissatisfaction was a prominent concern for most adolescent girls regardless of their level of eating pathology. Thus, by the time of adolescence, the majority of girls have developed weight and body concerns and numerous have tried dieting or other(a) strategies to alter their personal appearance.Although these issues have received less research attention in preadolescent children, many of the kindred patterns have emerged in studies of younger children. Children as young as 6 years old express dissatisfaction with their body and a substantial amount (40%) have attempted to recede weight (Thelen et al. , 1992). thither is shew that children as young as 7 are reliable in their reports of dieting (Kostanski and Gullone, 1999). In a sample of thirdthrough sixth- postrs, children w ere very knowledgeable about weight defend methods (Schur et al. , 2000). proboscis dissatisfaction appears to be related to dietary restraint rather than age. In a theatre of operations that compared 9-year-olds and 14-year-olds, girls with highly restrained eating patterns in both age groups showed low body esteem, and discontent with their body embodiment and weight (Hill et al. , 1992). Consistent with research on adolescents and young adults, young girls tend to show this dissatisfaction to a greater extent than boys. In samples of children between the ages of 5 and 11 (Collins, 1991 Cusumano and Thompson, 2001 Williamson and Delin, 2001 Wood et al. 1996), girls reported signi? skyly greater body dissatisfaction than did boys. More girls than boys were dieting in a sample of 1012 year olds (Sands et al. , 1997). Thus, the normative discontent that is shown in adolescent girls and young women (Rodin et al. , 1985) appears to be present in younger girls as well. FAMILIAL INFL UENCES ON BODY IMAGE A logical question relates to why these body image disturbances occur in such young children. Theories of Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson body image disturbance include biological, sociocultural, familial, and peer-related in? ences (Smolak and Levine, 2001 Steinberg and Phares, 2001). Recently, a great deal of attention has been focused on familial and peer in? uences in the development of body image. Regarding familial in? uences, 2 patriarchal mechanisms have been proposed parental modeling of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behavior, and parents in? uence over their children by direct transmission of weight-related attitudes and opinions, such as comments or teasing. There has been support for both mechanisms in adolescent samples.When compared with mothers of daughters in a nonclinical control group, mothers of adolescent girls with disordered eating patterns showed greater eating disturbance, had a longer narrative of dieting, and wanted their daughte rs to lose more weight (Pike and Rodin, 1991). Rieves and Cash (1996) found that daughters eating disturbances were related to their perceptions of agnate concern with appearance and assimilation with being overweight. These studies suggest that adolescent girls whitethorn be modeling dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors from their parents. There is evidence that parents in? ence their adolescents eating disturbances and body image through direct transmission of weight-related attitudes and opinions. Thelen and Cormier (1995) found that mothers and fathers encouragement of weight control were related to daughters desire to be thinner, daughters weight, and dieting behaviors. When actual body weight was controlled statistically, only the consanguinity between daughters dieting and fathers encouragement to diet remained signi? deliver. Direct parental comments about childrens weight had a strong relation with childrens body image, especially mothers comments about their da ughters (Smolak et al. 1999). Thus, it appears that both maternal and paternal in? uences may be relevant to the development of body image concerns and related issues. These ? ndings suggest that parents can in? uence their attitudes and opinions of weight through direct transmission, although the relative salience of mothers versus fathers has yet to be established. Negative verbal rendering in spite of appearance the family, also known as teasing, has received attention recently. badger can be considered an substantiating transmission of parental attitudes and opinions. In a sample of lder adolescent college students, parental teasing of females, entirely non of males, was related to body image dissatisfaction (Schwartz et al. , 1999). In addition, higher levels of teasing and appearance-related feedback predicted higher levels of psychological disturbance. Taken together, these studies all point to the relationships between adolescents body image concerns and parental attit udes and behaviors. Few studies, however, have addressed these issues in younger children. Gender Differences in equal and Parental In? uences PEER INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE The uniform point can be made for peer in? uences on body image.Although signi? cant relationships have been found in samples of adolescents, few studies have explored these issues in younger children. When investigating adolescents, one study found that adolescents confused eating and weight concerns were related to the dieting and weight control strategies of peers as well as to the amount they reported talking with peers about dieting (Levine et al. , 1994). In addition, adolescent girls reported their peers as one of the primary sources of information on weight control and dieting (Desmond et al. , 1986). Adolescent girls, more so than adolescent boys, worried about their weight, ? ure, and popularity with peers (Wadden et al. , 1991). Negative verbal commentary by peers has been explored in relation to bo dy image disturbance. Teasing by peers seems to have a strong in? uence on the development of eating and weight concerns (Rieves and Cash, 1996 Thompson, 1996 Thompson and Heinberg, 1993). Teasing by peers tends to be common during childhood with physical appearance and weight as the primary focus. Cash (1995) reported that 72% of college women recalled being teased as children, usually with respect to their facial features or body weight and shape.In a study of adolescent girls, Cattarin and Thompson (1994) found that teasing was a signi? cant predictor of overall appearance dissatisfaction higher up and beyond the in? uence of age, maturational status, and level of obesity. In one of the few studies done with children, Oliver and Thelen (1996) found that childrens perceptions of peers invalidating messages and increased likability by being thin in? uenced their body image and weight concerns. Overall, peers attitudes and teasing appear to in? uence body image concerns. Taken tog ether, these studies suggest patterns of familial and peer in? ence on the development of body image concerns. Little is known, however, about the associations of these issues indoors young children. Even less is known about how familial and peer in? uences are related to body image concerns and psychological functioning in young girls versus young boys. THE CURRENT STUDY On the basis of the ? ndings with adolescent and young adult populations, the current study extends these research questions to preadolescent girls and boys. Because the majority of preceding(prenominal) research was limited to maternal in? ences on body image (Phares, 1996), the current study depart also extend this line of research to explore paternal in? uences on body image. It was hypothesized that sex effects would be revealed concerning young chil- 423 drens body image concerns, with young girls reporting more body dissatisfaction and weight-appearance-related concerns than young boys. It was expected th at both girls and boys who reported higher levels of body image concerns would show more psychological problems as exhibited by higher levels of depression and lower levels of perceived competence. Both familial in? uences and peer in? ences were expected to be related to girls and boys body image and eating concerns. METHOD Participants A ingrained of 141 children (64 boys and 77 girls) from two public elementary schools in a large urban area in the southeast participated in the study. On the basis of a power analysis (? level = 0. 05, power = 0. 80, and a medium effect size), it was determined that a minimum sample size of 64 boys and 64 girls would be adequate to test the hypotheses (Cohen, 1992). The mean age of the overall sample was 9. 23 years (SD = 1. 08) and did not take issue between boys (M = 9. 31 SD = 1. 04) and girls (M = 9. 7 SD = 1. 12 t(139) = 0. 79 p = 0. 434). The sample was ethnically diverse (63. 1% Caucasian, 21. 3% African American, 12. 8% Hispanic/Latino/La tina, 0. 7% Asian American, and 2. 1% other). With respect to grade level, 14. 2% were in the arcminute grade, 44. 0% were in the third grade, 27. 6% were in the fourth grade, and 14. 2% were in the ? fth grade. The distribution of girls and boys did not differ for race/ethnicity or for grade level ( ps 0. 05). A total of 77 mothers and 48 fathers participated in the study. Measures Family In? uences Two measures were used to assess functioning within the family.The comprehensions of Teasing home plate (POTS) is a revised and extended adjustment of the Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (Thompson et al. , 1995). The measure has been used with children as young as 10 years old, therefore, the 8- and 9-year-old participants in this study were younger than previous participants who faultless the POTS. The Weight Teasing Scale, which consists of 6 questions concerned with the frequency of appearancerelated teasing, was used in the current study. Participants answered these questions for their mother and father separately, and lashings were totaled for an overall frequency of parental teasing score.higher(prenominal) numbers game on this 5-point scale re? ect greater frequency of negative verbal commentary. Coef? cient ? s in the current study were adequate for 424 reports of mothers (0. 72) and fathers (0. 84). Note that only 24% of the children in this sample scored above a 0 on this measure. Children, mothers, and fathers finished the Family History of feeding (FHE-Child and FHE-Parent Moreno and Thelen, 1993). Both versions of the FHE are scored along a 5-point Likert scale and are used to assess attitudes concerning body shape and weight, dieting, and familial eating patterns and behaviors.The parent version assesses parents perceptions whereas the child version focuses on the childs perception of the family. Higher numbers re? ect greater familial concern with body shape and weight. Reliabilities in the current study were adequate ground on the coef? cient ? for children (0. 80), mothers (0. 77), and fathers (0. 75). confederate In? uences Children completed the Inventory of Peer In? uence on take in Concerns (IPIEC Oliver and Thelen, 1996), which is a 30-item measure of peer in? uence on childrens eating and body shape concerns.The measure consists of 5 factors Messages, Interactions/Girls, Interactions/Boys, Likability/Girls, and Likability/Boys. The Messages factor re? ects the frequency with which children receive negative messages from peers regarding their body or eating behaviors. The Interactions factors address the frequency with which children interact with peers (boys and girls) about weight and eating habits. The Likability factors measure the degree to which children believe that being thin depart increase the degree to which they are liked by their peers (boys and girls).Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, where higher numbers re? ect greater peer in? uence. For the present study, total mean sca le scores of all items were used to calculate a total peer in? uence score. The coef? cient ? in the current study (0. 94) was strong. Obesity Level The Quetelets Index of Fatness is a body mass advocator (BMI) that is computed for severally child with the following formula weight/(squared height). The Quetelets Index is used routinely as an index of adiposity and is correlated highly with skinfold and other fatness measures.Height and weight were obtained by self-report. Previous research has shown that young adolescents self-reports are highly correlated with actual measurements of weight and height (Brooks-Gunn et al. , 1987 Field et al. , 2002). eating Disturbance and dead body Image Children completed the eat Disorder Inventory for Children (EDI-C Garner, 1984), which measures self- Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson perceptions of eating disturbances and body image. Items are answered on a 6-point Likert scale and subscales are averaged to produce mean scale scores.Three of t he eight subscales were used in the present study Drive for tenuity (excessive concern with dieting, preoccupation with weight, and extreme fear of weight gain), remains Dissatisfaction (dissatisfaction with overall shape and with the size of those body regions of most concern to individuals with eating disorders), and Bulimia (thinking about and prosecute in uncontrollable overeating, or binging behaviors). Coef? cient ? s were adequate in the current sample for the Drive for tenuity subscale (0. 83), the clay Dissatisfaction subscale (0. 63), and the Bulimia subscale (0. 76).On all subscales, higher numbers re? ect higher levels of body image concerns or related behaviors. mental Functioning Children completed 2 measures that assess their psychological functioning. The Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI Kovacs, 1992) is a widely used self-report measure of affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of depression in children. Items are scores on a 0- to 2-point scale, with higher scores re? ecting higher levels of depression. The total CDI score, which showed good reliableness in the current sample (coef? cient ? = 0. 91) was used. Children also completed the Self-Perception Pro? e for Children (Harter, 1985), which assesses childrens perceptions of themselves across contrastive domains. For the current study, the global self-worth subscale was used. Note that the global self-worth scale consists of questions that are separate from any of the other domains (e. g. , the physical appearance domain is not subsumed under the global self-worth rating). Higher scores on the 4-point scale re? ect higher perceptions of global self-worth. Adequate reliability (coef? cient ? = 0. 79) was shown in the current sample. Procedures Active parental go for and child assent were given for involvement in the study.Once consent and assent were obtained and information solicitation was initiated, no children dropped out of the study nor did any children refuse to take part in the study. Participating children completed questionnaires in small groups at school. Examiners read each question aloud and children put their answers on the questionnaires individually. Parents were mail-clad their questionnaires (the FHE-P and a brief demographics form) and were asked to return their completed questionnaires to the researchers in a postage-paid envelope. Multiple mail- Gender Differences in Peer and Parental In? uences board I.Means and t-Tests for Gender Comparisons Variable luggage compartment mass index (BMI) Body Dissatisfaction Bulimia Drive for Thinness Family History of EatingChild Inventory of Peer In? uence on Eating Concerns Perceptions of Teasing oftenness Depression Global Self-Worth a Statistically 425 Girls (n = 77), mean (SD) 18. 91 (3. 80) 20. 29 (10. 10) 13. 38 (7. 32) 18. 21 (9. 64) 19. 99 (8. 38) 1. 80 (0. 84) 1. 62 (4. 62) 48. 83 (12. 06) 19. 06 (4. 74) Boys (n = 64), mean (SD) 19. 01 (3. 80) 18. 38 (8. 83) 15. 05 (7. 63) 13. 13 (6 . 61) 17. 56 (5. 54) 1. 66 (0. 73) 1. 33 (2. 97) 49. 13 (13. 47) 18. 92 (4. 75) t 0. 09 ? 1. 18 1. 32 ? 3. 58 ? 1. 98 ? . 02 ? 0. 44 0. 14 ? 0. 18 p 0. 932 0. 239 0. 188 0. 000a 0. 049a 0. 311 0. 660 0. 892 0. 859 signi? cant. ings were sent in an attempt to obtain maximum parental participation. The ? nal resolution rate was 54. 6% (n = 77) for mothers and 34. 0% (n = 48) for fathers. RESULTS Gender Comparisons As expected, girls showed somewhat greater concern over weight and body image issues than did boys. Signi? cantly more girls (61. 0%) than boys (35. 9%) wanted to lose weight, ? 2 (2) = 13. 38, p 0. 001. As can be seen in plank I, there were additional gender differences on body image, restriction, and disturbed eating behaviors measures.When compared with boys, girls reported a higher drive for thinness, t(139) = ? 3. 58 p 0. 001, and a more degraded family history of eating concerns, t(139) = ? 1. 98 p 0. 05 (i. e. , girls reported receiving more messages regarding w eight and dieting from their parents than did boys). Girls and boys did not differ signi? cantly on body mass index, body dissatisfaction, bulimic behaviors, peers eating concerns, or frequency of parental teasing. There were also no gen- der differences in depressive symptoms or global selfworth. Thus, there was some limited support for gender differences.Relations Between Body Image and mental Functioning Correlational analyses were computed in order to investigate the relations between body image and psychological functioning. As can be seen in Table II, signi? cant correlations were revealed for all of the measures for girls and most of the measures for boys. Girls reports of body dissatisfaction, bulimic tendencies, and drive for thinness were related to higher levels of depression and lower levels of global self-worth. For boys, body dissatisfaction was related to higher levels of depression and lower levels of global self-worth.Bulimic tendencies were not significantly relat ed to either depressive symptoms or global self-worth. Drive for thinness was related to lower levels of global self-worth but was not signi? cantly related to depression. Thus, the expected pattern of results was found for girls consistently, and partial support was found for boys. Table II. Correlations Between Eating Disturbance and Psychological Functioning Variables 1 1. Body Dissatisfaction 2. Bulimia 3. Drive for Thinness 4. Family History of EatingChild 5. Inventory of Peer In? uences on Eating Concerns 6. Perceptions of TeasingFrequency 7. Depression 8.Global Self-Worth 0. 42 0. 42 0. 32? 0. 26? 0. 44 0. 37 ?0. 42 2 0. 47 0. 25? 0. 23 0. 10 0. 29? 0. 14 ? 0. 01 3 0. 56 0. 55 0. 67 0. 32? 0. 60 0. 19 ? 0. 39? 4 0. 53 0. 56 0. 58 0. 12 0. 41 ?0. 03 ? 0. 03 5 0. 49 0. 55 0. 48 0. 53 0. 18 0. 29? ?0. 21 6 0. 32 0. 34 0. 27? 0. 44 0. 38 0. 29? ?0. 37 7 0. 58 0. 60 0. 55 0. 63 0. 59 0. 45 ? 0. 58 8 ? 0. 64 ?0. 48 ?0. 49 ?0. 52 ?0. 52 ?0. 35 ?0. 71 Note. Boys are in the lo wer left quadrant and girls are in the fastness right quadrant. ? p 0. 5 p 0. 01 p 0. 001. 426 Relations Between Parental In? uences, Peer In? uences, and Body Image Disturbance Table II also reports the results of correlations for parental in? uences, peer in? uences, and body image disturbance. For girls, all of the correlations were signi? cant. Speci? cally, girls body dissatisfaction, bulimia, and drive for thinness were related to higher levels of family history of eating concerns, peer in? uences on eating concerns, and perceptions of teasing. For boys, 7 of the 9 correlations were signi? cant. Speci? cally, boys body dissatisfaction was signi? antly related to higher levels of family history of eating concerns, peer in? uences on eating concerns, and perceptions of teasing. Boys tendency toward bulimia was signi? cantly related to perceptions of teasing, but not family history or peer in? uences. Boys drive for thinness was related to family history, peer in? uences, a nd perceptions of teasing. Overall, there was somewhat more support for the connections between parental in? uences, peer in? uences, and body image disturbance for girls, but there was clear evidence of connections for boys when body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness were considered.Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson of family history and childrens reports of eating disturbance and body image concerns. These ? ndings suggest that childrens perceptions of family history and parents perceptions of family history are not related strongly. Missing Parental selective information To assess whether there were systematic differences between parents who did or did not participate, t tests were conducted to examine any possible differences between children whose parents returned questionnaires and those children whose parents did not return questionnaires.With the exception of family history, t(139) = 2. 33, p 0. 02, no other signi? cant differences were revealed. Children whose parents r eturned questionnaires reported signi? cantly higher levels of family emphasis on weight and body shape (M = 20. 15, SD = 7. 90) than children whose parents did not return questionnaires (M = 17. 32, SD = 6. 20). There were no signi? cant differences between children with parental data and children without parental data on the following variables Body Dissatisfaction (from the EDI-C), Bulimia (from the EDI-C), Drive for Thinness (from the EDI-C), peer in? ences (from the IPIEC), or perceptions to teasing (from the POTS). Thus, the exploratory analyses with parental data are likely to be generalizable for all of the variables other than family history. Parental Data For exploratory purposes, paired t tests were conducted to examine the differences in mothers and fathers reports of parental in? uence regarding weight and body shape concerns. Mothers (M = 18. 57, SD = 5. 32) placed more emphasis on weight and body shape concerns than did fathers (M = 15. 94, SD = 5. 29), t(47) = ? 3. 9 6, p 0. 001.Further examination of parental differences revealed that mothers reported placing more importance on weight and body image concerns than did fathers for both their daughters, t(29) = ? 2. 93, p 0. 006, and sons, t(27) = ? 2. 61, p 0. 01. These results suggest that, regardless of child gender, mothers tend to place more emphasis on weight and dieting than do fathers. To examine the relationship between childrens selfreports and parental reports, correlations were conducted for parents reports of family history of eating concerns and childrens reports of eating disturbance and psychological functioning.A signi? cant correlation was revealed for mothers reports of family history and childrens reports of family history, r (77) = 0. 25, p 0. 05. These results suggest that mothers and children perceived homogeneous familial in? uences regarding weight and body shape. In addition, signi? cant correlations were revealed for maternal report of family history and childrens report of global self-worth, r (77) = ? 0. 27, p 0. 05. No other signi? cant correlations were revealed for maternal or paternal reportsDISCUSSION Overall, the results of this study support and extend previous research suggesting that both parental and peer in? uences are related to the development of body image and weight concerns in preadolescent girls and boys. It is likely that both factors play an integral part in childrens formations of maladaptive beliefs, attitudes, and expectations concerning weight, physical appearance, and body image. Further, there appear to be some differences but some similarities in how girls and boys experience these issues. interchangeable to previous research, girls in this study exhibited a somewhat greater degree of concern regarding weight and body image issues than did boys. Not only were they more aware of issues surrounding weight and dieting, but girls were more mobile in attempts to become and/or remain thin. In addition, it appears that girls received more messages within the family setting regarding weight and body image concerns. Although most investigations of body image concerns tend to recruit only female participants (e. g. , Attie and Brooks-Gunn, 1989 Cattarin and Thompson, 1994), the studies of gender differencesGender Differences in Peer and Parental In? uences in body image have used primarily adolescent samples (e. g. , Childress et al. , 1993 reviewed in Cohane and Pope, 2001). The present results support similar ? ndings for preadolescent children, which indicates that these gender differences begin to develop at an earlier age, prior to any pubertal changes (Collins, 1991 Oliver and Thelen, 1996 Shapiro et al. , 1997 Wood et al. , 1996). The results of this study provide support for a relationship between body image concerns and depressive symptoms (Herzog et al. 1992) and self-esteem (Wood et al. , 1996). Overall, children who expressed higher levels of body image disturbance reported higher rates of depressive symptoms and lower levels of global self-worth. Although this pattern was more evident in girls, the same pattern existed for boys when body dissatisfaction was considered. Prior research has revealed support for both parental (Sanftner et al. , 1996 Thelen and Cormier, 1995) and peer (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Oliver and Thelen, 1996) in? uences on childrens eating and body image concerns. This study found support for peer and parental in? ences for girls and to a lesser extent, for boys. Most of the research on peer in? uences has been conducted with adolescent populations of girls (Levine et al. , 1994). In this study, similar patterns emerged for boys and girls when body dissatisfaction (as opposed to bulimic tendencies) were evaluated. It may be that preadolescent boys are struggling with body dissatisfaction, but in such a manner that is not captured by the measurement of bulimic tendencies. The measurement of parental teasing from the POTS measure was particul arly useful in helping to understand boys experiences.A number of previous studies have documented the connections between negative verbal commentary and body image concerns in girls (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Schwartz et al. , 1999). In the current study, boys perceptions of parental teasing were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction, bulimic tendencies, drive for thinness, family history of eating concerns, and depression and lower levels of global self-worth. Thus, further exploration of perceptions of parental teasing in both boys and girls may be fruitful. On the basis of the results of this study, the implications for prevention and intervention are numerous.Given the wealth of support for the instauration of body image concerns in preadolescent children (Collins, 1991 Shapiro et al. , 1997 Thelen et al. , 1992 Wood et al. , 1996), it is imperative to address weight and body image concerns with children prior to adolescence. Psychoeducational programs could be he lpful to inform children of the parental, peer, and sociocultural in? uences on their attitudes and beliefs concerning weight and physical appearance. some(prenominal) universal psychoeducational programs 427 have been instituted and evaluated for school-aged children (reviewed in Levine and Smolak, 2001).Although this study found some gender differences in preadolescent childrens experiences of body image disturbance, the common pattern of associations among variables for both boys and girls would suggest that preventive efforts could be targeted to girls and boys together. Intervention programs are also necessary given the connections between familial in? uences and body image concerns in young children and the resultant connections between body image concerns and eating disorders (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Steinhausen and Vollrath, 1993 Thompson et al. 1999). Parents need to be educated about the negative consequences of their own weight and body image issues on the developmen t of related problems in their children (Archibald et al. , 1999). Treatment programs should take family functioning into account and should address the strong connections between body image concerns and poor psychological functioning (Steinberg and Phares, 2001). There are several limitations to the study indicating that these results should be interpreted with caution. First, the ross-sectional nature of the study precludes interpretations related to causality. For example, it could be that higher levels of depression lead to higher rates of body dissatisfaction in both boys and girls. A prospective study of girls and boys from early childhood to adolescence and even adulthood could help answer the direction of causality. In addition, because there was a signi? cant difference in family history of eating concerns (FHE-C) between children with and without completed parental data, the prelim analyses of parental reports have to be viewed cautiously.Although other studies have found relatively few differences between fighting(a) and nonparticipating mothers and fathers (Phares, 1995), the differences in this sample suggest that the parental data may not be representative of the larger population. This study attempted to limit common method variance by including parents rather than just relying on childrens self-reports. This inclusion of parents, however, led to other dif? culties. Future studies in this area could bene? t from more intense efforts to recruit and maintain parents for participation in research.Even with these limitations, this study provided support for parental and peer in? uences on the development of body image disturbance in preadolescent girls and boys. 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