How Tesco Compete in a Highly Competitive Environment

How Tesco Compete in a Highly matched EnvironmentTopic of the ResearchHow TESCO cope in highly emulous environment with lower-ranking price of carrefours and utilityBackground to the StudyThe successes of brass instruments are measured through analysing the productivity of cheeks. productiveness of an cheek is highly dependent on the merchandise share of the organization where they be in possession of the demand for the products of the organization. In a private-enterprise(a) environment having a comme il faut mart share is dependent on modification of cistrons. wherefore the commercialize share and the demand for the products has break down a crucial factor for the success of every last(predicate) organizations. Keeping and growing the merchandise share concurrence is a critical factor especially in a genuinely competitory environment.In most situations organizations implement and utilize unalike strategies to manipulate that their market share is strong and stabilized. because they develop magnificent feed of market strategies as one method and at the same beat different products much(prenominal) as diversifications are introduced to the market. Anyhow having a prevail of different strategies organizations turn in to keep and expand their market share.This is a scoop celestial orbit where a future passenger vehicle or a drawing card should discern and bailiwick because as with the totally matched market straight off organizations needs to apply different methods to keep their market share. Therefore to do a successful manager it is the duty of a potential manager to bring a magnificent friendship in this particular battlefield.This k straightwayledge go show up provide an insight and a proper poser to exit a strategicalal manger in the field of work. concordly it was fixed to teaching ab unwrap the particular field of poll on how the organizations become successful in a hawkish environment while holdin g their market share. When it comes to the subject area it should be narrowed down in put to obtain a proper friendship and skill in the field of studies. Accordingly it was unconquerable to field just about how an organization contends in highly free-enterprise(a) environment with low price of products and service. Accordingly it was decided to conduct the moot for the TESCO PLC.Research Problem and JustificationAs exposit earlier it is non just an easier task to compete and survive in a hawkish task environment. Therefore it is required to identify how several(prenominal) organizations implement their strategies to compete in a hawkish occupation environment. This is a critical riddle where each and every manger should address to identify different strategies implemented by organizations.As per the subject area is as well replete(p)n at once it is impossible to conduct a search on identifying different strategies of throw away of organizations. Therefore the bes t option is ingesting a one organization in the competitive market and analyse the different strategies implemented by particular organization. Accordingly it was found that TESCO Plc has become more successful in the business for a long time of utmost and currently as well in a growing success. At the same time TESCO is in a very competitive market environment where market leaders such as ASDA and Sainsbury are also competing. At the same time TESCO maintains a endure of low monetary determine products and nonetheless having an extraordinary market share. analyzeing all these aspects it was decided to conduct the explore on Tesco under the quest topic, How TESCO compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service.This study willing provide a countywide compendium on how Tesco compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service.Objectives of the StudyTo identify different casing of strategies implement to compet e in a competitive marketTo gain an overall knowledge on TESCOTo identify the strategies implemented by TESCO to compete in the marketScope and Limitations of the StudyThe successfulness of Tesco with the competitive market may not besides due to the actions done in piece to be stable in the market there may be different several reasons which affects for the success of the organization. For an example the long cross out consider, the tone of voice of the products may be merely the reason for the organizational success in the market. But this study only measures up a particular area which is the impact of strategies of the organization in order to survive in the competitive market. But when come to the actual situation there may be many more reasons which create the demand for the organization. Apart from that this study should not be conducted to a one particular organization it should be conducted to a range of organizations under the title of affect of organizational strateg ies to survive in a competitive market with low embody products likewise the study should be expanded to a level where we nookie do the study for several case studies which will provide a give out framework to critically identify the factors behind successful organizations in damage of excerpt in a competitive market. It will cover a gigantic area of research study and will provide a better environment to identify the reasons behind organizational success in terms of adjudgeing the market share.But here the scope of this study is limited only to identify the strategies of Tesco in order to be successful in the competitive market. It is true that this scope of study covers a vast area further to be more successful this research study can be expanded to that area.Literature ReviewThe literary productions reappraisal on this study is consisted with two main parts one is identifying about general strategies apply in order to achieve success through having a proper market share and then it is explained the publications on TESCO plc.Tesco was established in 1919 by Mr. Jack Cohen who began the business to sell additional groceries from a cell at the East End of London.CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorDesktopuntitled.JPGIn 1924 Jack sold out his own-brand product and at that time the low gear product was Tea production. subsequently that he developed the business by intensifying it as TESCO stores.Accordingly the showtimees of TESCO were opened United states, Taiwan, China etc and now they have become as a leading chain of supermarkets providing a high class guest service in UK and as well as in foreign UK.Following is a SWOT analysis of Tesco Plc.StrengthsWeaknessesThe business has an Increasing market share. Tesco has held a 13% share of the UK retail market.Successful backing in Insurance, Tesco in the flesh(predicate) Finance reached the milestone of one million motor insurance policies in fiscal 2003Tesco -online Super market- Tesco Provi des an online supermarket and it is the worlds major online supermarket and this year the group had gross revenue of over 577 millionHigh Brand value for the business- The earnings for the trading operations of this organization has enlarged in 75% covering the countries in europium, Asia and Ireland in the last fiscal yearHas reinforced the UK market leadership- Tesco has developed a unbeaten business dodge that has increased its advantage. Tescos UK gross revenue are now 71% larger than Sainsburys who is a competitor for TescoDependence mainly upon the UK market- still mainly dependable on the UK market. 73.8% of there revenue is from there UK marketdecrease of Debt- Tesco is not predictable to decrease its debt until at least 2006OpportunitiesThreatsNon-food trade high demand- The increment in Tescos hypermarket order in the UK means that there are prediction of seeing its 13% share of retail salesIncreasing demand for Health and beauty- Tescos UK health and beauty ranges go on to growFurther inter demesneal expansion on the business area-expanded business to Asia Europestructural modify of UK could flash a price fightOverseas income could be reduced due to hazards in those countries outside(a) fruit of competitorsThe Corporate Strategy of TESCOThe fundamental for the corporate strategy of TESCO is to widen the range of the business which can bring strong sustainable long-term growth by following the guest into large growing markets at residents such as financial services, non-food and telecoms and rising markets a bountiful, initially in Central Europe and Asia, and more recently in the United States.Accordingly the strategy of branch out the trade of TESCO was started from 1997 and it became the basis of Tescos success in recent past. The objectives of Tesco corporate strategy are as follows,To become a unbeaten international retail merchantTo grow the heart of the business in UKTo become powerful in non-food services as in food service.To put up sell services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.comTo give main apprehension to the community on what Tesco does.The Strategies of Tesco is found on five main elements as Core UK, participation, Non-food, Retailing services, internationalist.Maintaining UK as the CoreGrowth in the UK business Tesco is more exact to new spaces, additions to existing stores and a multi-format approach. Sales of non-food, which shapes former(a) key part of their strategy, also add to the overall UK growth picture.Consider about CommunityThey are having Community Plans in each nation which based around their community promises actively behind local anaesthetic communities buy and selling their products responsibly caring for the environment giving guests healthy choices and levelheaded jobs for local people and replicates the needs of the local communities they serve.Non Food BusinessTheir strongest range of non-food can be seen in Extra stores and Homeplus, including e lectrical, home entertainment, clothing, health and beauty, stationery, do shop and soft furnishings, and seasonal solids such as barbecues and garden piece of furniture in the summer.Retailing ServicesThe Tescos main strategy on this is they consider that their customers are diverse and their needs are changing always. So they try to offer more than one way to shop. Accordingly they are having Tesco Personal Finance (TPF), Tesco.com, and Tesco Telecoms to offer wide range of services.Consideration on International MarketTesco operations operate in 13 markets outside the UK, in Europe, Asia and North America. Their latest strategy is to enter into the Indian market where they have taken first step in last year, by establishing a cash carry business.The to a higher place literature covers a vast area on the TESCO which is highly important in doing a research study because in actually without having a proper understanding about the organization it is difficult to study a particul ar area of the organization. Accordingly after(prenominal) gaining an overall understanding about the organization the following literature has been discussed on strategies done to ensure competitive advantage in general and as well the specific strategies of Tesco to compete in high competitive market.Competitive AdvantageMany firms put their fullest attempt to achieve the competitive advantage. some(a) businesses try to get the competitive advantage by offering lesser prices or providing excellence services or other benefits that rationalize a higher price. But organizations must always try to build the strongest competitive advantage which is a strategy that cannot be simulated by the other companies.Michael Porter (1980) introduces three strategies to accomplish competitive advantage as address leadershipDifferentiationFocusOnce the competitive advantage is effect it is not the end result, because once accomplish that company should try to retain in that situation. It means th e firms should have to be in a sustainable position. The competitive advantage of that stage is sustainable competitive advantage. In order for a firm to reach a sustainable competitive advantage, its broad strategy must be stranded in a fictitious character that meets four criteria. Those are as followsValuable -it is of value to consumers.Rare -it is not commonplace or easily obtained.Inimitable -it cannot be easily imitated or copied by competitors.Non-substitutable-consumers cannot or will not qualify another product(Info Abstracted by Competitive Advantage. Encyclopaedia of Business, second ed. By Dena Waggoner)The following section assesses the different strategies implemented by Tesco in order to compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service.The analysis of data and information of Tesco Plc was done by identifying the different faces of brand instruction and how can that effect to achieve the competitive advantage. As the introduction was habituated about brand focussing at the literature retrospect if an organization need to be in a position of sustainable competitive advantage position. That brand should bear following four characteristics.Valuable -it is of value to consumers.Rare -it is not commonplace or easily obtained.Inimitable -it cannot be easily imitated or copied by competitors.Non-substitutable -consumers cannot or will not substitute another product(Info Abstracted by Competitive Advantage. Encyclopaedia of Business, 2nd ed. By Dena Waggoner)Competitive Advantage strategies of TescoA company should be strategic enough to assess the possible techniques of brand management and then select the most appropriate and worth enough competitive advantage method. According to Michael Porter eminence is a one best method of strategic competitive advantage. Differentiation can be done by heap specialisation, market differentiation, price differentiation, and product differentiation and so on. In this differe ntiation accompany should be able to make sure the customer wants, understands, and understands the balance offered.If we get the product differentiation that difference should be significant, unique, superior, communicable, primitive, reasonable, and profitable. Otherwise that variety will not become a competitive advantage and it will be a waste to the organization. When an organization do a differentiation which is important, distinctive, superior, communicable, primitive, affordable, and profitable, it will get popular within the society and immerge as a brand. That is the success of the competitive advantage.So if we get the case study of Tesco Company, it first came out with the Tesco brand in 1924. Today Tesco is known as the British largest retailer by global sales an also domestic market. And as well it is the third largest retailer of the world. So the study of the manner that they are controlling the brand name Tesco in order to achieve the competitive advantage is a goo d opportunity to gather massive knowledge in this subject area. It was done by studying different viewpoint of brand management in Tesco.Brand value of TescoAs per the literature embraces on consumer ideas the main reason for this strong brand image is because of the good quality, consistent goods that represent outstanding value. Tescos original ways of improving the customer shopping understanding, as well as its hard work to branch out into finance and insurance have also capitalized on this brand image. Because of this brand value the profits of Tescos operations in Europe, Asia and Ireland enlarged by 78% during the last fiscal year. Their main market base is UK. So the way that they are doing the brand management is as follows.Brand commission of UK Market BaseAs the prime retailer in the UK, the customer expectation on Tesco is high. So a small failure in upholding the brand image will lose the trust and confidence of the organization. That is why they gained competitive ad vantage should be sustainable and brand management should be done to retain that. So the consideration of potential risks for the Tescos brand image is extremely important.According to the analysis we can describe they have employ the present affecting Tesco brand image of people to expand into new areas such as retail services and non-food and to identify the commercial imperative to do the exact thing for all their stakeholders and evade the loss of such loyalty of people. They are upholding Tescos values at every level and the organizations computer code of Ethics guides provides behaviour in their transactions with customers, employees and suppliers.They try to work out with all the levels stakeholders to get their views and to make sure that the strategies are reflects of the stakeholders. The initiate of the Community Plan in 2006 which was established their pledge to engaging in a wide range of social and environmental issues. Tesco is having eminent level of committees, including the decision maker Committee, Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compliance Committee, to guide and monitor their policies.International Brand ManagementTesco is having more than ten years of experience in foreign countries they are using strategy based on vi basics in international brand managementBe tractile each market is exceptional and requires a diverse approach operate local local customers, local cultures, local supply chains and local regulations require a modified offer conveyed by local staffUphold focus on a few countries to be the leading local brand is a long term effort and they conceptualise that it cannot do like growing mushrooms.Use multi-formats no single format can reach the whole of the market. A whole range from comfort station to hypermarkets is necessary and they require to take a discounter move towards all the way throughDevelop ability Its not about scale, its about skill so they want to build that they have enough readiness thro ugh people, processes systemsBuild brands brands allow the building of significant continuing relationships with customers. methodology of the StudyThe methodology of this research study can be divided into several sections.The first section of the research study deals with the literature review on several aspects, firstly it fixs out various articles, definitions, different studies to incisively define about different strategies of organizations applied to compete in a challengeable business environment.After clarify above two from the literature, above broad review of literature has been carried out on TESCO plc starting from its account statement in to a broad study of organizational products, services, low cost products and strategies. This will be a major part of the literature review which really analyses the literature on organization in analysing its strategies to compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service.After that comprehensive literature study the questioner survey will be conducted with the clients of the Tesco to cause out its impact on strategies. Apart from that a study will be conducted as a direct interview with the senior management of Tesco selecting a proper sample.ConclusionThis is a research proposal based on the topic of How TESCO competes in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. Accordingly this study discusses about the background to the study and the problem of the study and the justification of the study. After that the consideration was given to identify the objectives of the study and then it was discussed the scope of the study and as well the limitations of the study.After identifying the above topics the methodology of the study has been described and after that a comprehensive literature review has been conducted.As a conclusion that this research proposal provides a better and a comprehensive framework to conduct the research study in a meaningful manner.Accordingly it can be elucidate that in the real research study further we can find out more secondary information on the organization and as well on the factors behind successful strategies to become highly competitive environment with low price of products and service.Further the research study can be completed as a study which discusses a wide area on the factors in finding competitive strategies of organizations with fruitful findings to apply for national and international business environment.

Employee Retention Strategies in Insurance Sector

Employee Retention St prescribegies in restitution SectorIncreasing wrings on the corporate to cut the be, resulting in frequent layoffs and downsizing, diminishing employee loyalty, absence of employment gage and increasing competition in the hunt for talent etc. be just a few reasons why the process of attr forming and preventing talent has turn an onerous task more than ever before. As the bluely talented lam chock up in boldnesss, across various take aims, kindles skills and job-hop from one company to another, managers see to be feeling the heat in countering abnormally lofty friction order. i of the stock certificate responsibilities of a manager or supervisor is to press the consummation done through the employees. muchover, when we say pass away, it is not just the basal minimum work to get by, except withal those tasks that ar perfect(a) when the employees atomic number 18 highly motivated to succeed, excel in their work, and continue to be committed to the organization. Managers and supervisors indeed engender it extremely difficult in charge their star performers satisfied and not wanting to shift their jobs.Employee retention is Copernican in almost all the strips. It is soulless to al broken in good community to leave your organization beca enforce when they leave, they take a centering with them the intellectual property, relationships, investments (in both age and gold), an occasional employee, or two, and a chunk of the organizations future day. Employee Retention Strategies helps organizations provide effectual employee communication to make better commitment and enhance workforce support for key corporate initiatives.The policy sphere of influence in India is rising rapidly to select in harvest-tide and employment opportunities. policy companies argon raw materialally benignant intensive, and man resources act as an undoubted differentiator. Quality manpower and its retention would act as aLit mus test. Turnover of sales force has been high because of low entry and exit barriers. The paper addresses issues of enlisting, retention, and derangement rate of sales force in insurance policy companies. An attempt is made to ruffle them to Maslows Need Hierarchy. A survey was conducted among 350 employees who worked in or had left insurance companies to analyze factors that inuenced their decisions and job pleasure. The data were treated with factor analysis. Factors such as guard Security, Social Esteem, and Personal Work Style emerged as the inuencers to pairing insurance companies. Primary ask and Social Self Esteem take were the factors associated with job satisfaction Stress, C beer Advancement, and Work Environment emerged as factors for deviation the companies.INTRODUCTIONIntense competition and globalization of business organisationes has put mounting pressure on organizations to deliver more and better than before. Organizations requirement to develop and deploy human resources that can articulate the vision of the organization and make teams with the synergy to perform at much higher directs.Human resource guidance (HRM) is a strategic and coherent approach to the way of an organizations most treasured assets i.e. the tribe working in that respect, who individually and collectively, contri thate to the achievement of the objectives of the business. Human resource instruction is evolving rapidly. The terms human resource occupy and human resources (HR) cast largely re commitd the term personnel management as a description of the processes involved in managing hatful in the organizations. Human resource management is a business practice as thoroughly as an donnish theory that addresses the practical and theoretical techniques of managing the workforce of an organization.The Human Resources steering (HRM) give-up the ghost includes a variety of activities, and the most historic among them is to decide what ar the s taffing call for of the organization and the ways to fill these submits i.e. whether to hire employees or use in estimateent contractors to hire employees to fill these postulate, to recruit and train the best employees, to gibe that they argon high performers, to deal with motion issues, and to ensure the organizations personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Managing the organizations approach to employee records, employee compensation and benefits, and personnel policies atomic number 18 also the included activities. The diminutive businesses whether for-profit or nonprofit ones ordinarily subscribe to filter out these activities themselves because they cannot yet afford patch- or secure-time help. However, it moldiness be ensured by them that the employees ar aware of the personnel policies, which confirm to legitimate regulations.The HRM run for and HRD profession have undergone tremendous tacks over the past 20-30 historic period. Man y years ago, large organizations looked to the Personnel Department, mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying the great unwashed. More crude-fangledly, organizations consider the HR Department as playing a major(ip) role in staffing, training, and helping to manage pot so that peck and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling mannerHuman resource builds and drives the knowledge assets of an organization, the measure out of which has been established to be many times more than the tangibles. In the take scenario, it is be feeler important for organizations to focus on finding, developing, and retaining talented employees. This paper aims to enhance sympathy of the phenomenon of high employee upset rate in the insurance fabrication and factors that crest to job satisfaction of employees. Researchers have also made an attempt to integrate Maslows Needs Hierarchy to the underlying inuencers for the sales force of insurance com panies to join or leave the organization. The findings may be helpful for the companies to improve retention levels.OBJECTIVESEmployee overthrow is a larger problem currently approach by insurance companies, as a major part of their gross is at sea. Analyzing the causes of employee turnover is imperative for insurance companies. An exploratory survey is designed, keeping in mind following objectivesTo identify the factors which influence the decision to join the amends Industry.To analyze the factors which play a major role in job satisfaction.To identify the factors which influence the high attrition rate.To study and formulate the strategies for employee retention.EMPLOYEE belongings OVERVIEWBy looking in a dictionary, we are given that the intelligence operation retention has synonyms like preservation, maintenance, with jibeing, and custody. Not just the meaning, the concept has different perceptions for the employees and organizations. utile employee retention is a sys tematic effort by employers to make up and advance an environment that encourages current employees to remain employed by having policies and practices in place that address their diverse needs. A strong retention strategy get under ones skins a powerful recruitment tool.Retention of key employees is critical to the semipermanent wellness and success of any organization. It is a known fact that retaining your best employees ensures customer satisfaction, increased product sales, satisfied colleagues, and reporting staff, effective succession prep and deeply embedded organizational knowledge and l sop uping.Why are we touch on about employee retention now, when we also are talking about a reduced state workforce? The reality of hiring freezes and possibly even layoffs during frugal slowdowns means it is critical to focus on retaining and enabling our remaining people to reach peak effect. Lean organizations depend heavily on the transaction and quality of current employee s. Current employees have specialized, institutional knowledge.Employee retention matters as organizational issues such as training time and investment lost knowledge insecure employees and a costly candidate search are involved. Hence, the failure to retain an important employee is a costly affair for an organization. The importance of retaining the best talent in the organization is usually watchd by intelligent employersINDIAN INSURANCE SECTOR AT A regardThe insurance firmament in India is one of the booming sectors of the economy and is increment at the rate of 15-20% per annum. Together with banking services, it contributes to about 7% of the countrys GDP. The sector has terminate a full circle in India from being an open competitory trade to studyization, and back to a liberalized marketplace again. The government of India liberalized the insurance sector in March 2000, lifting all entry restrictions for private players and allowing foreign players to participate th e market with some limits on direct foreign ownership. Under the current guidelines, thither is a 26% equity cap for foreign partners in an insurance company. There is a proposal to increase this limit to 49%. With several reforms and policy regulations, the Indian policy Sector has witnessed tremendous growth in the recent past. According to a report by the Associated put up of Commerce and Industry of India (Assocham), a growth of over 200% is credibly to be seen in Indian insurance business by 2009-10, in which private insurance business would grow at 140% in view of aggressive marketing techniques. Insurance companies in India are maturation vertically and horizontally bringing growth and new employment opportunities. even so after having so many private players in the insurance sector, quiet down the largest company is the government owned, life Insurance Corporation of India.Insurance sector is an intensively people-oriented business and human resources will be the undou bted differentiator. The quality of work force attracted and retained by insurers and how their abilities and ambitions are harnessed would be the litmus test for the intentness.Traditionally, a large number of insurance factors, who work on a commission basis, manage the insurance business. The turnover of insurance movers has usually been high in this business. The insurance sector faces high rates of employee turnover. The highest employee turnover is at the financial advisors (agent) level, where the entry barriers are low but targets and work pressures are very high.The insurance companies in India areBajaj Allianz life Insurance party containBirla Sun livelihood Insurance Co. LtdHDFC Standard flavor Insurance Co. LtdICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd.ING Vysya Life Insurance troupe Ltd.Life Insurance Corporation of IndiaMax New York Life Insurance Co. LtdMet Life India Insurance connection Ltd.Kotak Mahindra Old Mutual Life Insurance LimitedSBI Life Insurance Co . LtdTata AIG Life Insurance family LimitedReliance Life Insurance Company Limited.Aviva Life Insurance Co. India Pvt. Ltd.Shriram Life Insurance Co, Ltd.Sahara India Life InsuranceBharti AXA Life InsuranceFuture usuali Life InsuranceIDBI Fortis Life InsuranceCanara HSBC Oriental Bank of Commerce Life InsuranceReligare Life InsuranceDLF Pramerica Life InsuranceStar kernel Dai-ichi Life InsuranceAgriculture Insurance Company of IndiaApollo DKV InsuranceCholamandalam MS public InsuranceHDFC Ergo course of studyetary Insurance CompanyICICI Lombard General InsuranceIFFCO Tokio General InsuranceNational Insurance Company LtdNew India AssuranceOriental Insurance CompanyReliance General InsuranceRoyal Sundaram Alliance InsuranceShriram General Insurance Company LimitedTata AIG General InsuranceUnited India InsuranceUniversal Sompo General Insurance Co. LtdVIEWS OF RECRUITERS IN INDIAN INSURANCE COMPANIESThe attrition rate is about 35% in the first year of recruitment. This goes down to about 18% by the fourth year. Most of those who drop out are non-performers, as told by the Executive Director of the Kotak Mahindra Mutual Life Insurance Company he attributes it to the high forethoughts on the part of the agents. Most people hold that they can make a lot of money in a short span of time. It is a high-pressure job. Sustenance requires constant networking and getting new relationships that requires a lot of discipline. MD Kotak Life Insurance opines that it is a sun skip industry, many people just want to join the race, but cannot retain the enthusiasm till the end of a year. The attrition rate in the industry is pitched between 14% and 38% at this rate it will soon rival the 50 per cent stir rate of the ITs-BPO sector. Country Manager, Tata AIG, argues that the industry today is more at an attractor stage insurers are also attracting a lot of talent from banking, closely Moving Consumer Goods, BPO-IT industries. Head (hr and Admin, HDFC Standard Life Insur ance) stated that attrition rates are at 14% in the industry. Companies have to go beyond building a brand to offer the agents careers and let them grow with the market. while retaining employees may be a problem, attracting irreverent talent is still comparatively easy. The slowdown in the debased Moving Consumer Goods and Consumer Dur commensurates sector and people trained by direct marketing companies like Amway and Orflamme, too find a way into selling insurance. Head (hr ICICI Prudential Life Insurance) opines that companies cannot hold on to people, especially among frontline sales force, and this will rise as the market matures, since people are actually experiencing large amount of money coming in. Managing director and CEO (Prudential Life Insurance), the hr challenge is being intercommunicate by offering employees knowledge and growth opportunities. The company offers opportunities for cross-functional learning, skills and talent development, thereby expanding ones j ob write. Further, employees also develop a smell out of belongingness with the company. Recruiters explain that high employee turnover rates of importly increase the investments that are made in the employees. The problem of losing funds in employee acquisition is prominent. Companies invest significant amounts of money and time in training in the sign phase but these investments do not always get converted into actual profits. In the case of the insurance industry, each agent level recruitment costs a company nearly Rs.5000, other associated costs of training and administrative service are also involved. Each agent works in a non-productive or partly productive mode in the organization for nearly the first 2-3 months. An employee leaving the organization within the first 6 months is a bad investment for the company. While most insurers were not unforced to share the number of staff members they lost to competitors and other sectors in recent times, industry sources indicate t hat newer companies like Reliance, Bharti Axa, IDBI Fortis, Pantaloons-Generali and others have been active in fresh recruitment of officials from established companies like ICICI Prudential Life, Birla Sun Life, HDFC Standard Life. literary productions REVIEWResearchers have done a literature review on the issues related to the reasons for and consequences of the employee loss and how the management may deal with turnover in various industries, in order to have a fair understanding of the strategies that can be adopted by the Insurance companies.William J Rothwell (May 2008) in his obligate, Motivating for Retention refers to motivation as a topic of never-failing interest. As organizational leaders begin a war for talent, they need to consider new ways to motivate people to stay. Since much look into indicates that people often make decisions to leave because of their supervisors treatment with them, it only makes sense to consider ways of improving managers treatment of worker s and this condition focuses on that bad-tempered issue. While many theories of motivation have been proposed, many managers today are looking for ways to retain their most talented people. One way to do that is to focus attention on how a manager treats the workers. This article also offers some thoughts on what behaviors to examine for improvement and has provided two instruments that may be helpful in doing that.Dongho Kim (2006) in his article Employee Motivation simply Ask Your Employees says that the imperative need of discovering, comprehending and implementing employee motivation has been a principal dread for organizations, managers and even first line supervisors, as employee motivation has been and will be the deciding factor in work performance as well as the success or failure of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to punctuate and analyze the necessary components of employee motivation so that the contemporary managers, especially those who are inexperie nced, can enhance their knowledge and understanding of employee motivation. If a company knows as to why its employees come to work on time, stay with the company for their full working lives, and are productive, then the company may be adequate to ensure that all of their employees behave that way. The priorities of employee motivational factors change over time, and there is more than one reason why these changes occur. The reasons may be the frugal conditions, change of the working environment or industries, labor market conditions, industry competitions, change in the workers attitude etc. An organization must realize that the employee motivation and its process are there to motivate its employees, and hence, the employee input must be wanted and included throughout this process.In todays knowledge-based economy, the most intriguing task before a HR Manager is to motivate and retain employees. Though various attempts have been made in this direction, there has not been much of success and no one knows as to what exactly is the dispatch to employees heart.Sanjeev Sharma (22 July 2006), in his article, A Right Way to Motivate an Employee is to Win his Heart, focuses on the reasons why motivation is ignored even though it is of greater moment motivation is intangible, drives all human actions, can be observed but not measured and is lost in a twilight order he compares motivation to that of a pop-up fly ball which can peg into cracks, if not handled or played effectively. Further, he explains the need for motivation and profile 10 areas that powerfully impact motivation which include economic rewards, advance and transfers, opportunity to grow, challenging and stimulating work, autonomy, leadership, informal psychic rewards, goals and fun. Helping the management team optimize employees emotions will enable the organization to make significant impact on the primary sources of competitive advantage in todays market place.Beach, Brereton, and Cliff (20 03) in their article Workforce turnover in first in first out mining operations in Australia An exploratory study. examined that the term turnover refers to employee movements that create vacancies within an organizational unit. These vacancies may be the result of resignations, transfers, retirements, dismissals, or the fulfilment of fixed term contracts.Jyothi and Venkatesh (2006), in their book Human Resource Management, have told that the application of skill or competence leads to performance and performance is the monetary standard for evaluating effectiveness. Therefore, a pay-for-competence program enhances productivity and product quality, reduces absenteeism, turnover, and accident rates.Campbell and Baldwin(1993), in their article Recruitment difficulties and skill shortages an analysis of labor market information in Yorkshire and Humberside, suggest that in many industrialized countries there is a concern that skills shortages and mismatches are appearing in the labor market and that policy makers are aware that recruitment difficulties and skill shortages may reduce the competitiveness of small and large firms.Islam and Rasad (2006) in their article, Employee performance evaluation by theAHP A case study, studies that employee performance appraisal has been practiced by numerous organizations since centuries. Though performance appraisal system has been debated by many, however, overall, it is viewed that performance appraisal is an inseparable part of organizational life.Wu (2005), in his article A DEA approach to understanding the performance ofTaiwans steel industries 1970-1996, mentions performance management as a complex problem and it involves various kinds of judgments about which performance measure to use. Evaluation scores depend upon these criteria heavily.Hale (1998) in his article Strategic rewards Compensation and benefits management. stated that employers cited recruitment costs of 50% to 60% of an employees first years salary an d up to 100% for certain specialized, high-skill positions.Bowen and Shuster (1986) in their article American professors A national resource imperiled. stated that while all constituting elements of an organization are important for its success, it is its enhanced ability to attract and retain the best quality talent that separates it from the others.Abbasid and Holman (2000) in their article Turnover The real bottom-line. Public Personnel Management sought to determine the impact of employee turnover on an organization and put in that excessive employee turnover often engenders far-reaching consequences and at the extreme may pretend efforts to attain the organizational objectives.Elangovan (2001) in his article Casual ordering of stress, satisfaction and commitment, and purport to quit A structural equation analysis. has argued that there is a reciprocal link between organizational commitment and turnover intention, i.e. humiliate commitment increases turnover intention, which lowers commitment further.Abdul Rahman, Raza Naqvi, and Ismail Ramay (2008) in their article Measuring turnover intention A study of it professionals in Pakistan. revealed that job satisfaction and organizational commitment had a negative effect on turnover intentions, whereas perceive alternative job opportunities had a significant positive correlation with turnover intentions and is the major factor associated with turnover intention among itProfessionals in Pakistan. Van beak et al. (2004) in their article Should I stay or should I go? Explaining turnover intentions with organizational identification and job satisfaction. have also place job satisfaction as a predictor of turnover intention however, they argue that it is a mediating variable between organizational identification and turnover intention. According to their study, organizational identification feeds into job satisfaction, which, in turn, predicts turnover intention.Gomez-Mejia, Balkin and Cardy (2003) in their a rticle Managing Human Resources have analyzed that mixerization is the process of orientating new employees to the organization or the unit in which they will be working. Socialization can make the difference between a new workers feeling like an outsider and feeling like the member of the team.Zheng and Lamond (2009) in their article Forthcoming Organizational determinants of employee turnover for multinational companies in Asia. rig out that training, size, length of operation and the nature of the industry are importantly related to turnover. Determining what constitutes high turnover is a complex issue, because there is no simple linear relationship between turnover rates and the social and/or economic performance of companies. Issues ranging from poor job fit, lose of recognition or support from senior management, uncertainty about the organizations future and poor management communication are some of the reasons why people start looking for other opportunities. Reasons that can be attributed to high employee turnover in the insurance sector areBeing an insurance agent in India is seen as a societal stigma as there is uncertainty of job and income attached to it. People join insurance companies as a part time job or a transgress filler occupation and not as a long-term career. truly few competent people want to become agents owing to low social status attached to it.It is a high-pressure job. It is expected from an agent to understand the customers needs and sell the products accordingly. This process involves a high level of persuasion and a sustained effort for a long period. A lot of people succumb to such pressures.The expectation achievement go adds to the turnover. Many people are lured to the profession with a high earning potential. However, to earn a decent income, agents require a lot of patience, perseverance, and persuasion in the field. During early phase, the earnings of the agents are low despite hard work. This expectation achievemen t gap leads many of them to break down in the initial period of joining the profession.Scarce skilled or experienced human resource in insurance market leads to wide scale poach and head hunting amongst the competitors. The industry has yet to witness mature hr processes, like work force planning, training, motivation, and retention. The lack of preplanned recruitment leads the firms to indulge in poaching human resources working in other insurance firms.With insurers having a high percentage of the workforce from multiple sectors (non-domain), the chances of losing employees to other fields, like Fast Moving Consumer Goods companies or other financial outfits, are high.Employee Turnover is maybe paid the least attention among various employees issues. It is shrugged off as inevitable. hardly a(prenominal) companies take a proactive approach towards reducing employee turnover. It always includes substantive costs of replacing the key employee who fall into the category of high pe rformers. replacement includes the costs of recruitment advertisement, referral bonuses, selection testing, training costs, etc. Moreover, turnover results in loss of time and efforts, low productivity, loss of morale, loss of knowledge and so on.DEALING WITH EMPLOYEE TURNOVEROrganizations that keep the front line staff motivated and equip them with the right tools are most likely to enjoy long-term superior performance (Rogers and Peccoud 2005). The challenge of creating a dynamic, enthusiastic, motivated front line environment is an opportunity in disguise for organizations. Organizations need employees who are committed, exible, and pretend to participate in decision-making. Retaining such employees in the organizations is becoming imperative in todays competitive environment. Behavioral research studies show that all human activities including jobs are directed towards satisfying certain needs. Patterns of individual behavior and motivation differ, because individuals search to fulfill different sets of needs in different ways as adopted from their environmental and social backgrounds. Maslow (1943) propounded the Hierarchy of Needs theory primitively applied as a general theory of mental motivation. However, the public utility of its theoretical model was adopted by organizational theorist McGregor in 1960, who applied Maslows theory in the work place. Later on, the Hierarchy of Needs theory has been adopted and incorporated into applications in many areas in business (Shoura and Singh 1998). In the management field, it is an effective approach towards understanding motivation. Motivation is committed to several levels of the needs hierarchy of human beings. Appreciation, love, respect and fulfilling work are several motivators other than monetary benefits that an individual looks for. An attempt is made in the paper to align Maslows Hierarchy of needs to the findings of the survey to offer a better understanding of employee turnover.Maslow suggests that each individual aspires for a higher-level unfulfilled need once they have gratified the lower order need. An individuals level of aspirations rise when needs on lower levels are satisfied. The lower four layers of the benefit are called deficiency needs or D-needs, physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness and esteem. With the censure of the lowest layer of physiological needs, if these deficiency needs are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels nauseated and tensed. Various levels of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs are analyzedin the stance of insurance agentsPHYSIOLOGICAL of necessity These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, including the need for water, air, food, and sleep. These needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy. All other needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. In the perspective of insurance agents, these needs are addressed by the compensation pl an. Insurance companies mainly work on incentive-based compensation plans, which lead to income uncertainties. An employee looks forward to a ample compensation structure, which would take care of all of his/her basic physiological needs. A robust, safe, and easy to understand compensation plan may retain employees who are striving to materialize their physiological needs. It is necessary for the companies to update the compensation plan with time, so that it fulfills the physiological needs of the individual and his/her family at different stages of their lives. precaution NEEDS Such needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment could be a few. There are two aspects of the security, which would concern a person in the insurance business. One is the personal physical security while on field and the psychological fear of job security wit h high targets is the second.SOCIAL NEEDS Maslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belongingness. This need of an individual gets highly affected in insurance companies predominantly. Individuals do not gain a high status in society, which is attributed to the social stigma of being an insurance agent, and big target pressure causes withdrawal from ones family, friends, and relatives. Employees have been found complaining about not being able to spend ample time with their family and friends. The insurance companies may compensate for this by creating a fun-filled work environment and developing a conducive work environment. Teambuilding initiatives can be taken by mangers to inculcate the sense of belongingness.NEEDS FOR ESTEEM A normal human desires to be authorized and valued by others. People engage themselves to gaining recognition, attaining a sense of contributi on, feeling accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an lower status complex. Those working as employees in an insurance company are viewed as people of comparatively less ability. The attitude is developed due to citizenry recruitment undertaken by insurance firms, where not much focus is move on selecting suitable candidates. This diminution in esteem leads to leaving the industry on getting a better opportunity. Many companies are counselling on creating a positive image of the industry by victimisation the media, though much is yet to be done. Measures like change in job title and nature of the job could be positive go in this direction. As the industry matures, the positioning needs a change from being a mere moneymaker option to an industry that provides learning and high growth opportunities.NEED FOR SELF-ACTUALIZATION Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do what he/she was born to do. These needs make themselves felt in signs of restlessness. A person

Politics Essays Radical Islam Uzbekistan

Politics Essays Radical Islam UzbekistanRadical Islam UzbekistanPreventing Radical Islam and Conflicts in UzbekistanIf whizz thing hasnt changed in primal Asia and especi tout ensembley in Uzbekistan by and by US War on terrorism, its the authorities cultism of Hizb-ut-Tahrir and IMU Muslim movework forcets banned in in all primordial Asian countries, with its offerquarters in Europe, that strives to recreate an undivided Muslim caliphate, encompassing all Muslim lands.in go around after Uzbekistan gain freedom after Soviet Unions crinkle, Uzbekistan like early(a) 15 former Soviet countries began its birth demeanor in socio frugal and popular training. As we can see from 1991 till about 1998 Uzbekistan achieved some progress comparing other four rudimentary Asian countries Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Tajikistan and Turk handsistan.Great potential of Uzbekistan like rich natural resources, industrial and agricultural sectors and serviceman resources (Uzbekistan is ab out populous surface atomic number 18a in interchange Asia and during Soviet period was fourth almost important country in whole Soviet Union) and other detailors helped Uzbekistan to become the first country in Central Asia in the early stages of Independence.It is politic the parts most militarily capable and populous country, and life-size Uzbek minorities live in adjoining offers. But those great reforms of too corrupt and repressive regime were short term and self-importance interests of prexy, his family and too much corrupt centralized organic law and their authoritarian conventionalism showed that Uzbekistan could not achieve those ideal heads, which were promised before by president.Socioeconomic decline ca utilise and still ca exercises m whatsoever conflicts inside country and Uzbekistans unequal relations with its neighbors and efforts trying to be dominant country in the country momented numerous conflicts among other Central Asian Countries.Uzbekist an is multinational country consisting majority of Uzbeks and 85 percent of the country is Muslims (99 percent Sunnites). My great fear is that soon after Uzbekistan electric chairs rule ends, who has been on the moorage more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 18 years, a courtly war for Uzbek thr whizz pass on be began by Fundamental Islamists Groups and main presidencyal clans and it may run huge time spreading to other Central Asian states and could be bloody.That the conflict in Uzbekistan poses a threat is largely a result of politics policies that prolong led to a com lay ination of authoritarian rule, economic decline, social discontent, and a polarized presidential termal arena in which total Islamist groups relieve oneself begun to occupy an important underground role. These interior(prenominal) pressures are played against a backdrop of poor relations with neighboring states, and in a region characterized by instability and may ca white plague many conflicts.Aut horitarian government activityThe government is highly centralized and personalized around prexy. Uzbekistan has neither any opposition nor democratic parties. Uzbekistan is now considered as sensation the ten most repressive and authoritarian countries in the valet de chambre and the situation is bonnie more and more severe.Evidence continues to mount that Uzbekistans unique state-construction model is dropping away. However, now after recent Andijan (an east city of the country) massacre in 2005, where thousands of people led by mainly local businessmen protested against presidents brutal regime, the President showed no intention to leave his chain armor despatching hundreds of innocent salubrious-behavedians.Decisions are largely made by President however and parliament is nothing still a puppet show. at that place is widespread evidence of human-rights abuses by the security department forces against governmental opponents of the regime. Media has no republic and the main role of media is propaganda and informing people that Uzbekistan is achieving great results in development and plays great role in foreign arena, and praising the President for his merits.Besides, the fact is that one cannot appropriate access for Independent Internet web sites which shows the satisfying picture. Any International media, organizations, and NGOs criticizing Uzbekistan is banned and prohibited in the state.Elections are held some(prenominal) to the presidency and to parliament do not meet international standards of clean-handed and fair elections. OSCE and other International Organizations refused many times to participate in elections announcing all elections of Uzbekistan against democratic standards. However, the first election for presidency after independence was fairly democratic, entirely still taking into account the fact that reliable president Mr. Karimov was at that time a First Secretary of the communistic Party of the state (same as P resident of a State), the elections were viewed as not free and fair by international observers.After independence Mr. Karimov advance anti-Russian nationalist sentiment and millions of Russians and many other nations fled Uzbekistan. Activities of missionaries from some Islamic countries with absence of real opportunities to participate in public affairs contributed to popularization of radical interpretation of Islam. In 1999, 2000, and 2004 some terroristic acts were held in Uzbekistan and even an attempt to kill President but President Karimov nearly escaped an attempt.The government beatified the Islamic motion of Uzbekistan (IMU), Hizb-ut-Tahrir, Wahhabism and other Radical Islamists Groups in the attacks. In result of law-enforcement operations, thousands of people were suspected and imprison houseed.During the early stages of independence, many observers considered Uzbekistans relative socio-economic and political stability to President Islam Karimovs authoritarian polic ies. Despite the countrys often abysmal human rights record, and over the protests of human rights organizations and increasingly suppress opposition groups, most international financial assistance (including security service) has continue to flow.Ironically, in past the Uzbekistan governments frequent abuses out of concerns tendernessing Islamist radicalism in the region, the international community has inadvertently helped create exactly the conditions that it has always feared the most. festering political repression and poverty now provide a fatty manners ground for violence, instability and increasingly active Islamist extremist groups. The authoritarian surface has at best postponed, but not defused, economic and political crisis.It requires relatively enormous financial, human and other resources for the government of Uzbekistan to maintain authoritarian rule and keep control over competing internal factions base on regionalism, ethnicity, and affirm ne twainrks. Th e establishment of near absolute motive by the executive single out has only been achieved though a brutal crackdown on moderate voices and with power-sharing arrangements with leftover Soviet-era bureaucrats in the power ministries.Tashkents authoritarian domestic approach has sparked a political crisis marked by mismanagement, the emergence of a strong Islamist opposition, broad economic dislocation, endemic corruption, growing dissatisfaction with the government, poor relations with neighbors and continuing regional turmoil.Radical IslamThus as mentioned before, Uzbek governments eliminating all oppositions and democratic leaders created exactly the conditions that it has always feared the most. Socioeconomic decline, human rights abuses, corrupted government acts and other factors caused many people who are shopworn of government to follow only existing leaders Radical Islamists Groups leaders. two major groups hostile to the regime have been active after independence. Th ese are the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and Hizb ut-Tahrir. Main ideology of these groups is almost the same to overthrown the Presidents regime and to create a Caliphate Islamic State harmonise to Sharia (Islam Constitution) not only in Uzbekistan but besides in some other Central Asian countries.The main difference of these two Islamic groups is that Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) is a military violent group, part Hizb-ut-Tahrir is more a politic group and against violence, which is based on Islamic Ideology. However, both of them are considered as Radical Islamist Groups.IMU Islamic Movement of UzbekistanThe tempestuousness that led to the formation of the IMU began in late 1991, when some unemployed recent Muslims seized the Communist Party headquarters in the eastern city of Namangan, incense at the mayors refusal to give them land on which to build a mosque. The men were led by Mr. Tohir Yuldeshev, and Mr. Jumaboi Khojaev.Mr. Yuldeshev, a 24-year-old col lege drop-out, was a wellhead-known mullah in the Islamic underground movement, while Mr. Khojaev was a former Soviet paratrooper who had served in Afghanistan where he was said to have positive a high regard for the mujahidin against whom he fought and revitalized his Muslim faith.The group led by Yuldeshev and Khojaev, who later adopted the alias Juma Namanganiy, after his hometown (Namangan city), were members of the recently formed Uzbekistan subdivision of the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP). Disillusioned at the IRPs refusal to demand the establishment of a Muslim state, these men set up their own bunk movement, Adolat (or Justice) which called for an Islamic revolution in Uzbekistan.President Karimov banned Adolat party in 1992, arresting many of its members. The groups leadership fled to Tajikistan, enlisting with the IRP thither. With the outbreak of that countrys civil war, Yuldeshev move to Afghanistan, later beginning a net functional odyssey around the foundations Islamic states, visiting Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Tur light upon. He also met with various scholarship agencies, requesting funds and sanctuary.He received both from Pakistans Interservices Intelligence, and was based in Peshawar from 1995 to 1998. It has been claimed that Yuldeshev was also funded by intelligence services and Islamic charities in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey. He also met with Chechen rebel leaders during the first Chechen war of 1994-96, as well as establishing underground cells of the Adolat party across Central Asia which would be all important(p) in the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) campyaigns five years later.Meanwhile, Namangani fought in the Tajik civil war, establishing a reputation for himself as a daring fighter and becoming a revered and charismatic leader. When the war ended, Namangani at first refused to try for the cease-fire. Eventually he was persuaded to do so, settling with his family and some fifty of his men at a farm in the colonization.Here he began working in the transportation business and, it has been alleged, first became involved in diacetylmorphine smuggling as a way of feeding his growing camp of followers, which attracted many of Central Asias Islamic radicals, disaffected at the ceasefire in Tajikistan which many viewed as a sell-out. Proceedings from drug smuggling were also used to finance the group which, in 1998, became known as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). This connection with drug trafficking has continued, and the organization reportedly handles 70 percent of the heroin and opium traffic th fractious Central Asia.The IMUs creation was announced from Kabul by Namangani and Yuldeshev, the latter having settled here by this time as a guest of the Taliban. Yuldeshev was also given a residence in Kandahar, where Mullah Muhammad Omar, the Talibans apparitional leader, and Osama bin Laden also lived. By now Yuldeshev had met Bin Laden, who recognized the Uzbek as a potential ally in Central Asia, a region where al al-Qaida had few contacts and cultivated him as much(prenominal).Namangani and Yuldeshev distinct to move their operations to Afghanistan in 1997 in the face of fresh crackdowns in Uzbekistan, provoked by a series of bloody murders attributed to the Uzbek Islamic extremists. Moreover, the ceasefire in Tajikistan made it an unreliable sanctuary, while the Taliban made natural allies for Yuldeshev and Namangani, not least in that Uzbek President Karimov was persisting the anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan.The United States believed that bin Laden supplied most of the funding for setting up the IMU, with some Uzbek and Tajik officials face the al Qaeda leader encouraged Yuldeshev and Namangani to organize such a the group in the first place, which declared a jihad against the Uzbek government and sought to establish an Islamic state in Uzbekistan.The organization is also believed to have received funding from Saudi sou rces, including some close to Prince Turki al-Faisal, the head of Saudi intelligence. The IMU, like the Taliban and al Qaeda has no overarching political manifesto, world more interested in implementing sharia not as a way of creating just hostel but simply as a means to regulate personal behavior and dress code for Muslims a concept that distorts centuries of tradition, culture, history, and even the religion of Islam itself. The organization also needinesss the legitimacy of the Tajik Islamicists, tipple its idea of Islamism from foreign sources, namely, Saudi Wahhabism and the Talibans version of Deobandism.Central Asias Ferghana valley, where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik tolerances converge, has been the main theater of operations for IMU operations, and the organization has launched punitive campaigns here in 1999, 2000 and 2001, which have affected all three countries and disrupted relations amongst them. thither were some fights between Uzbek military forces and IMU u nits came through fences of Tajikistan and Kirgizstan. Uzbekistan responded by laying mines on much of its border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which have led to the deaths of scores of local people. Moreover, Uzbek Air forces bombed a village in Kirgizstan which was occupied by IMU warriors. These and other events led to disrupted relations among Central Asian countries.In addition, the IMU was responsible for a series of auto bombings in the Uzbek capital of Tashkent which killed many people in 1999, as well as numerous kidnappings. The group also fought in the civil war in Afghanistan, and is currently fighting alongside Taliban and al Qaeda forces. Pakistani sources claim that the IMU may have supplied bin Laden with fissionable material for manufacturing an improvised nuclear explosive device.More recently, significant amount of IMU fighters were involved in the battle in the Shah-I-Kot valley, and there is little uncertainty that the organization has suffered heavy losse s at the hands of U.S. and coalition forces. There has also been speculation that Namangani was killed in earlier U.S. air raids.If so, his death did not s hook his men putting up fierce resistance at Shah-I-Kot. Moreover, the IMUs power base lies not in Afghanistan, but in the Ferghana Valley itself, a region the organization has found to be a fertile recruiting ground, largely due to the brutal and counterproductive reprisals of the President Karimov regime. It may well be there that any final show-down with the remnants of the group that poses the greatest threat to Central Asias security will take place.Hizb ut-TahrirHizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (The Party of Islamic Liberation) stands apart from better known radical Islamist movements by its apparent opposition to the use of violence. But its views are highly radical, advocating the overthrow of governments throughout the Muslim world and their replacement by an Islamic state in the form of a recreated Caliphate.It has grown quickl y in Central Asia and been met with a heavy-handed repression that threatens to radicalize members still further and sow the seeds of greater Islamist extremism in the region.Hizb ut-Tahrir first emerged among Palestinians in Jordan in the early 1950s. It has achieved a small, but highly committed following in a number of Middle Eastern states and has also gained in popularity among Muslims in Western Europe and Indonesia. It began working in Central Asia in the mid-1990s and has developed a committed following inside Uzbekistan, and to a lesser accomplishment in neighboring Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.Estimates of its strength vary widely, but a rough figure is probably 15-20,000 throughout Central Asia. Its influence should not be exaggerated it has little public bind in a region where there is limited appetite for political Islam but it has become by far the largest radical Islamist movement in the area.Hizb ut-Tahrir is not a sacred organization, but rather a poli tical party whose ideology is based on Islam. It aims to re-establish the historical Caliphate in order to bring together all Muslim lands under Islamic rule and establish a state capable of counterbalancing the West. It rejects contemporary efforts to establish Islamic states, asserting that Saudi Arabia and Iran do not meet the necessary criteria. According to Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Islamic state is one in which Islamic law Sharia is applied to all walks of life, and there is no compromise with other forms of legislation.Hizb ut-Tahrir claims to reject violence as a form of political struggle, and most of its activities are peaceful. In theory, the group rejects terrorism, considering the cleanup position of innocents to be against Islamic law. However, behind this rhetoric, there is some ideological apology for violence in its literature, and it admits participation in a number of failed coup attempts in the Middle East. It also has contacts with some groups much less painstakin g about violence. But despite the allegations of governments, there is no proof of its stake in terrorist activities in Central Asia or elsewhere.Government responses have been unlike and often ineffective. In much of the Middle East, the organization is banned from playacting openly, and many of its members have been imprisoned. Central Asian governments have taken bad-temperedly harsh stances, with Uzbekistan leading the way by arresting and sentencing thousands of members to long prison terms. In some other Muslim countries, such as Indonesia, Hizb ut-Tahrir acts more or less openly, as it does in much of Western Europe.Wider policies of governments in Central Asia have probably contributed to the growth of Hizb ut-Tahrir, particularly in Uzbekistan. Repression by the Uzbek government has given it a certain mystique among some of the population, and the lack of alternate forms of political opposition or expression of discontent has telld that it has attracted members from the mass of those opposed to the regime for political reasons.Poor economic policies have further undermined support for the government, and induced discontent among traders a key Hizb ut-Tahrir constituency. Uzbekistans restrictive border regime has also increased support for a group that advocates a universal Muslim state, with no national distinctions.For a small but significant group of predominantly young men, Hizb ut-Tahrir gives an easy explanation for their own failure to achieve change in their personal lives, in society or in the state system. It provides young men with some essence and structured belief in an era of otherwise confusing and catchy social change. It also offers occasional material benefit and social support in states characterized by extreme poverty and social breakdown.Repression of its members, and often of those besides associated with them, has radicalized the movement, and had an impact on wider societies. Given the radical ideas of the group and t he conspiratorial personality of its political struggle, it is understandable that governments are concerned about its impact on stability.But too often governments in the region, particularly in Uzbekistan, use Hizb ut-Tahrir as an excuse for their own failure to carry out political and economic reform and for continuing suppression of religious activity outback(a) narrow official structures. Too often the international community has move a blind eye to this repression. The West, and the U.S. in particular, is in danger of damaging its reputation in the region by close association with Central Asian dictatorships.Concern over Nuclear TerrorismBefore the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia and especially Kazakhstan with Uzbekistan played an active role in the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) due to its massive reserves of uranium tapped for fissile material. As the Soviet Union collapsed, the Soviet military-industrial complex left behind significant amou nts of WMD as well as seedy guarded reactors and facilities for uranium enrichment.These facilities have been of increasing concern for the states in the region, as well as the United States, as nuclear weapons and material could get into the hands of terrorists or rogue states. The Institute of Nuclear Physics in Tashkent has been considered as especially vulnerable to terrorism due to the comportment of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) in the country and their ties to Al Qaeda. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama Bin-Ladens top deputy, reportedly bragged that they would send their people to Moscow, to Tashkent, to other Central Asian states, and they negotiate, and Terroristic groups would bargain for some suitcase nuclear bombs. The truth behind this could be disputed, but the fact remains that the United States have since 9/11 invested large sums to prevent such a development in Central Asia.Clans warfareThe Samarkand and Tashkent (two biggest cities of the state) clans are beli eved to be the most powerful on Uzbekistans political scene. And it looks like the rival between the two has deepened lately. President Islam Karimov, a native of Samarkand, a former finance minister in the Uzbek Soviet republic, came to power in 1989 with the support of the head of the Samarkand clan.Since the early days of independence, Karimov not wanting to damage his own position has attempted to achieve a balance of power among different political groups. However, that has fueled rivalries even more.Actually, President Karimov benefits from the rivalry most of all. He can be calmly sit in his office, watching, and feeling very safe. What breaked recently to top officials, and what is likely to happen to many others is nothing but clan rivalry.The rivalry between the indoor Ministry (MVD) and National Security Council (SNB) (former KGB) is typical in ex-Soviet countries. But in Uzbekistan this rivalry has deepened lately. One is inclined to think that all processes are dri ven by inter-clan relationships. The two strongest clans for the time being are the MVD and the SNB. They compete and fight with each(prenominal) other all the time.Does President Karimov, who has skillfully maintained the balance of power among the clans for several years, have full control over the situation? Or has he been influenced by those clans?Analysts say that Karimov doesnt have full control. President Karimov benefits from the rivalry among the clans. However, he is playing a spartan game, as one of these clans is likely to overthrow President Karimov and put in power someone from their clan instead of him.I dont know how long this agony will last, but society could explode any moment, triggered by some insignificant event that will then have a chain reaction. People are on the edge. The authorities havent grasped the situation. They dont understand how strong peoples desperation is and what the people are capable of doing at this moment. But within more than 16 years of Independence any conditions for a peaceful and democratic handover of power have not been created, statehood remains clannish, and no politicians with public personas have appeared in the last 16 years.ConclusionClosed political systems, lack of freedom of speech, lack of economic progress, socioeconomic decline and unreformed and brutal security services all contribute to the growth of radical opposition groups.In order to avoid future conflicts the followings should be implemented by the Government of Uzbekistan such asDecentralization, the delegation of power to a lower level, and the elaboration of the power and opportunities for local self-governance bodies and local government authorities in Uzbekistan straightaway must be combined with the establishment of judicial oversight unaffiliated of executive bodies, the strengthening of the role of civil-based organizations and the development of an independent mass media.Without the simultaneous development of all the aforemen tioned components, decentralization and the promotion of local self governance may result in continuing management by the authorities of the local community organizations, limiting the citizens participation in local governance. Such a reduction of peoples participation in community actions is likely to increase social tension.The government should permit blue as well as religious opposition groups, including the Birlik Peoples Movement and the Erk Democratic Party and other Islamists Parties, to register as political parties. Moreover, government should to allow Representatives of Islam to join and actively act in the Parliament.The government should allow human rights groups of Uzbekistan to register officially as non-governmental organizations and should direct the security services to stop intimidating their staff.More resources should be channeled directly into up(p) national living standards, rather than enlarging the already considerable role of regional police and military forces.The constitutional right to practice religion in private and public, freely and without interference, should be upheld. The government should implement the constitutional disengagement of state and religion and end its practice of designating state-sponsored Islamic leaders.The separation and equality of the executive, judiciary and legislative branches declared by the Constitution should be upheld.The government should combat unlawful practices by security agencies, such as the badgering of journalists and human rights activists.The International CommunityThe International Community has a key role to play and it is in the security interests of the international community to ensure that political opposition to unpopular regimes does not by default intermingle into a more militant group, with a more violent and dangerous agenda than the present-day some Radical Islamists Groups.The international community, in particular the United States, the European Union nations and Jap an, must be more discriminating in their response to the problem of Islamist extremism, recognizing that unquestioning support for secular dictatorships only antagonizes Central Asian Muslim communities, thus encouraging extremism and an anti-Western orientation.Government donors to Uzbekistan should pass on it clear that their assistance will be predicated on political liberalization, including such measures as registering opposition parties and human rights organizations to encourage the establishment of a rule-governed political opposition and an unhindered civil society.The U.S. Russian and Chinese governments should subtract security assistance until Uzbekistans human rights record, including performance of the security services, improves significantly, and, in keeping with the International Religious Freedom Act, should condition the future of the correlative Commissions on Uzbekistans efforts to combat human rights abuses based on the religious convictions of its citizen s.The United States, the EU and Japan should demand investigations into the case of the Human Rights Defenders and other Political Enemies of Uzbekistan who are right now in jails of Uzbekistan or were killed by regional police and military forces.The international financial institutions should condition their aid on the Uzbek government making considerable progress in enterprisingness the economy, developing the rule of law and fostering democracy.Bibliography and ReferencesUzbekistan at ten Repression and Instability, International Crisis Group Report, Brussel/Osh, 21 August 2001Civil society, religious freedom, and Islam Karimov Uzbekistans struggle for a decent society, John R. Pottenger, Routledge, March 2004Uzbekistan Transition to Authoritarian on the Silk Road, Neil J. Melvin. Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000Islam and Central Asia, S. Eisenhower and R. Sagdaeev, Washington, DC. The Eisenhower Institute, 2000Civil conflict and the construction of democratic polities in the Muslim w orld The cases of Algeria and Uzbekistan, European consortium for political research Joint Sessions of Workshops Uppsala, 13-18 April 2004Central Asia Caucasus Analysthttp//www.cacianalyst.org/index.phpFergana.ruhttp//enews.ferghana.ru/index.php?cid=2History of Uzbekistanhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_UzbekistanInternational Crisis Grouphttp//www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1432l=1 depart dictator Karimov Stop totalitarian regimes around the world http//dot-stopdictatorkarimov.com-614467.namezero.com//id6.htmlTerrorism Projectshttp//www.cdi.org/terrorism/imu.cfmHizb ut-Tahrirhttp//hrw.org/reports/2004/uzbekistan0304/6.htm

Understanding And Promoting Children’s Development.

sagaciousness And Promoting Childrens growth.A pip-squeaks provement usually follows an expected patten, although small fryren do develop at antithetical rates but this usually follows a pattern. thither ar five key beas to keep in mind when work with baberen to help and identify if a barbarian requires additional support. Keeping in mind development in a holistic way (the only rather than parts of fewthing).Physical DevelopmentThis looks at a kids physical motionment but is divided into key parts. crude(a) motor skills- Theses include jumping, hopping, skipping etc. and are to a greater extent large weapon system movements.Fine motor skills- Which include writing, painting, threading etc. these are much specific movements.Locomotive skills- these include running, walking, balancing these are full body movements.cognitive DevelopmentThis is usually the way a fry develops in their wiz process. How a claw uses skills in different ways. Cr feastive and imaginative skills riddle solving, using language to explain reasoning.Communication DevelopmentThis looks at how a churl communicates with soul, e.g. language to explain reading, writing and describing events. There are to a chemise non-verbal ways to communicate such as subscribe language.Social And unrestrained DevelopmentThis looks at vox populis, self-esteem, self-expression and learning somewhat new(prenominal)s feelings this withal covers a childs understanding on behaviour and what is acceptable e.g. taking countermands, co-operating with others and ply one-self.Moral DevelopmentThis is linked to social and emotional development and covers choices and decisions e.g. non always going first in the line and letting person else this also covers behaviour and attitudes towards others e.g. saying sorry even if its not their fault but knowing that it may make someone feel a little better.Climbing the ladder of a slide Physical, cognitiveperforming football in a team Physical, co gnitive, communication, social and emotional and moral.victimization a pencil to write their name and draw a control Physical, Cognitive, Communication, Social and Emotional development.Using a knife and fork to eat a meal Physical, Cognitive, Social and Emotional.Expected Stages Of DevelopmentReserve garner form Carolyn Meggitts child development book0-6 MonthsPhysical- Babies lie irresistible (on their backs) with their head to one-side, Prone po impersonateion (on their front). Cognitive babes entrust capture to display a gustatory perception to tastes sweet over salty or sour. floor by sudden noises. At nearly 3 months babies smile in response to speech. Often suck their lips at the sounds of food preparation.6-12 MonthsBabies use their complete hand (palmer grasp) to pass things from one hand to the other. Start to understand the meanings of some words e.g. bye- bye mummy or daddy. When babies are around 9 months they allow start to use a pincer grasp (finger and thu mb) move weaponry and legs together when excited. Babies enjoy pointing at objects.12-18 monthsAt around 13 months intimately babies rump walk but will fall-over frequently and sit down rather suddenly. Babies will start to show a preference for one hand over the other. By 15 months babies will retroflex you to build a tower of two cubes. Babies will understand more words such like show me, look at that. Babies are still shy with strangers. At 18 months babies displace squat to tear up a toy, displace thread large beads onto a lace. Babies are more eager for independence e.g. me do it2-3 geezerhoodAt 2 years babies an throw a ball overhand but disregardnot unless catch one. Babies toilet copy simple lines and sometimes a v using their preferred hand. From 2 years babies bay window recognise themselves in photos, they will continually ask questions what, who, why.3-5 yearsAt this age children domiciliate stand on tip-toe they can catch a ball with their arms outstretched start to understand the concept of one and lots of. Children a lot develop fears e.g. fear of the dark, as they become capable of pretending and imagining, at around 4 years children hold a pen or pencil in an adult fashion. Can wash and dry themselves.5-7 yearsAt this age children are more familiar with past/ open and future and will talk close to these with a good sense impression of time, show sympathy and comfort others who are hurt. At 6 years children can skip to music alternating their feet, draw people in some detail for instance eyebrows, eyelashes. Talk fluently and with confidence.9-11 yearsChildren start to differ in physical maturity, they may be curious about drugs, alcohol and tobacco.11-13 yearsChildren begin to experience conflict between parents determine and friction matchs, at this age children will start to go through puberty, this is different between the sexes.13-19 yearsChildren a great deal feel misunderstood in the untimely part of this age range th ey all desire to be au thuslytic and liked. It is important to listen to their ideas and show them respect.Influence on development personalized FactorsProblems during pregnancy and at birth.A child begins to develop at a the moment of conception, a healthy embryo is made up of 46 chromosomes, 23 from the egg (mother) and 23 from the sperm (father). If there are more or less than 46 It will sire an effect on the way the child develops and learns.Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome, additional chromosome 21 which means the child will have 47 instead of 46.During pregnancy if the mother smokes takes drugs or drinks alcohol this will also concern the baby. bloodline can put to work a childs development if a baby is born prematurely or suffers from lack of oxygen this can attain brain development.Reserve from NHS webHow FAS Develops During PregnancyDr Raja Mukherjee says that when a mother consumes alcohol it goes around the placenta, because the foetus liver isnt f ully formed it cant metabolise the alcohol quickly enough. In turn it has a high blood alcohol concentration, therefore lacks oxygen and nutrients so organs and the brain dont grow properly. White publication which is need to speed up the processes of information is sensitive to alcohol, so more the mother drinks alcohol more the foetus suffers.Professor Neil McIntosh says evidence shows that inebriety during the six to nine weeks of pregnancy when the facial features are formed babies are more likely to suffer from facial deformities and that damage to the organs most likely happen in the first three months.Signs And Symptoms OF FASSome signs may not show up until the child goes to school.Learning difficultiesLanguage problems overlook of appropriate social boundaries (over friendliness to strangers) scant(p) short term repositingInability to grasp instructionsFailure to learn from the consequences of their actionsEgocentricity (excessive interest in oneself)Mixing reality and f ictionDifficulty with group social interactionPoor problem solving and planningHyperactivity and poor attentionPoor co-ordinationHealthGenetic factors (passed on through parents) can have a move on a childs development the child may not be able to participate fully in physical or strenuous activities.DisabilitiesM either disabilities are agenttic, children can be affected by a disability they were born with. Different disabilities affect development in different ways.Coeliac Disease (www.coeliac.uk)Coeliac affection is a common digestive condition where a person has an indecorous reaction to gluten. This distemper is not an allergy or an intolerance to gluten, the disease mistakenly attacks healthy tissue this causes symptoms such as Diarrhoea, Bloating and Flatulence, Abdominal pains, freight loss, Feeling tired all the time and malnutrition due to not getting enough nutrients from food.This disease is a common condition and affects approx 1-100 people in the UK. This can cause frequent absences from school which in turn will affect the progress of a childs learning it will not help a child to become friends with their peers and will influence a childs confidence.Sickle Cell Disease (www.nhs choices)This is a serious inherited blood disorder where the red blood cells which sustain oxygen around the body develop abnormally. The reaping hook cell gene is inherited from both parents, if only one parent has the gene then the child will have whats know as sickle cell trait. Lifestyle an help the symptoms and drinking plenty of fluid can help. Symptoms can beStrokeVulnerability to infectionThis disease can cause time away from school which alludes on a childs learning and social skills leaving a child feeling very isolated.Turner Syndrome (www.your hormones)This is a chromosomal disorder and affects 1 in 2500 of girls, this is a inherited disorder and affects one of the female sex chromosome. Where as boys have x and y chromosome girls have x x this i s an freakishness in one of the x chromosomes. This disorder causes short stature, delayed puberty, orotund hands along with other syndromes, this shouldnt have much affect on a childs learning in the beforehand(predicate) years how ever as a child develops and all around start puberty they wont which can go forth to strive and depression. Although medicine is available Turner syndrome will cause infertility.External FactorsA childs development can be affected by extraneous factors.PovertyThis is spilt into two groups Relative poverty- is income related and concerns material things. unequivocal poverty- This is a lack of basal human needs e.g. shelter, food, heat energy and education. Absolute poverty is rare in the UK.Family BackgroundThis can be were a child is from whats know as a embarrassed family, mum and dad split up and a child is part between the two.This can have an impact on education as the child will be upset, going from one house to the other and leaving home work at one then worrying about getting into trouble at school.HousingPoor housing can lead to asthma in children, over crowding can lead to poor physical skills as there is no room to play.Family contextSometimes the family unit changes and as a result can have a effect on a child from long-term illness, disaster or parental separation all these things can cause stress and changes in behaviour.Personal Choices And DecisionsAs a child gets older they want to become more independent as a result of this and with peer pressure children can make mistakes, drugs, alcohol and substance abuse can all have a effect on their body. Eating is also a choice by picking the wrong diet offspring people can become obese or under weight. trainingA good education will enhance a childs life, attending school on a daily basic will help the child to know rules and boundaries. Attending clubs and church will also help there social and moral development.Why Development May Not Follow The Expected Patte rnChildren develop at different rates and in their own time however if a child isnt atchving certain milestones this may be a sign of delayed development and may need to be investigated.Emotional InfluencesWhen a child has their emotional needs met then it will have a positive impact on their learning. Just knowing that there is someone they trust and can talk to may make a huge impact.Physical ReasonsPhysical growth can have a impact on a child if they havent had much movement as infants then their muscles wont be formed correctly.Environmental FactorsWhere a child grows up can impact on a childs education. If say a child is a traveller and moves often therefore moving school frequently this will impact on their education.Cultural ReasonsDifferent cultures translate different values e.g. girls from boys some cultures see girls as home-makers and education isnt need after the age of 11 if at all.Social InfluencesWhen a family structure changes this can also impact on a child if t here is a death in the family, children comes to turns with things differently.DisabilityChildren are not always born with disabilities but can develop them.Early InterventionThis is crucial in identifying if a child needs help all schools will asses a child when starting signal so key areas can be picked up on and if any intervention is needed for that child.

Benefits Behind Mergers And Acquisitions Economics Essay

Benefits Behind Mergers And Acquisitions Economics EssayThis assignment is going to include a discussion of the theoretical benefits behind mergers and learnednesss, a review of the empirical demonstrate and as well two real world examples, unmatched where value was created and one where it was destroyed.TheoryThe benefits of mergers and acquisitions stem from a c erstpt known as synergism which can be illustrated using a formula, PVab =PVa + PVb + take a shits (Arnold, 2008 866) also delineate as, 2+2=5. The theory behind this is that a combined unit of measurement would be greater in value than the sum of its parts, basically centre two firmlys unitedly are worth more than the value of the firms if they were apart. whizz benefit of this is the amplification in securities pains power which is a firms aptitude to exercise a degree of control over the price of a product. This can be achieved in more than one way only for example if a firm co-ordinated with another an d then represent itself in a monopoly sic it would kick in the ability to push up the price of its products because consumers would have fewer alternative suppliers. another(prenominal) advantage is the increase in economies of scale achievable. In most cases the larger the size of a firm the lower the cost per unit of output because of cost advantages macrocosm better exploited. For example if two firms in the same industry merged they could nominate securities industrying economies of scale through joint advertisement possibly and also administration economies by sharing administrative activities and accounting. There would also be financial economies as funds borrowed on the capital marketplace would be provided at lower costs and with more favourable place of borrowing. Internalisation of transactions is also a benefit if two firms at various stages of the production chain merged, a greater efficiency of co-ordination of the different levels whitethorn be the outcome. This could be achieved because of reductions in costs such as communication, monitoring, contract enforcement and bargaining. Usually entering in to a new market or industry takes days of effort and during the early period losses whitethorn even be incurred, however through the process of mergers and acquisitions this once daunting task can become much easier. By getting an existing firm that already posses the required skills and market strength it eliminates the look at for them to be generated internally. There are also assess advantages of acquisitions in near countries because losses of subsidiaries can be used to offset present assessable profits of the parent company meaning a lower tax bill. Therefore acquiring firms which have accumulated tax losses whitethorn be estimable however this benefit is not present in the UK due to much stricter rules being in place. Another benefit of mergers and acquisitions would be risk diversification. A firm may be viewed as litt le volatile if its cash flows come from a wider range of sources meaning shareholders gain from a reduction in risk exactly with no diminution in return. The greater stability of earnings may also be appealing to lenders which could result in lower interest rates.Mergers and acquisitions are normally used as an instrument to create shareholder value (Sudarsanam 2003), this is the main(prenominal) objective however there also seem to be managerial motives present. When a firm acquires another is consequently becomes a larger opening move meaning managers have more responsibility and so may be justified to receive a much larger salary. Some may retrieve more successful and important because of this and this sense of achievement may become a personal driver for managers to carry out mergers and acquisitions. Another reason could be survival, the management team may begin to feel the best way to avoid being taken over or dominated is to grow themselves, especially if regular merger s are occurring in the industry the firm operates in. This could lead to firms not merging for just the benefit of shareholders but also to try and assure the survival of the management team.A distrust one may wish to ask is how the value of the benefits of mergers and acquisitions can be measured? The benefits of acquisitions are usually not easy or straight to put in to numerical form. For example the application of superior managerial skills or entry in to a new market cannot accurately be measured even things such as competitive position and reputation with customers, the list goes on. These items will not be found on balance sheets so and so the true value of a firm may not be presented however one indicator which could mayhap value the benefit may be the firms share price.Empirical readAlthough the theory behind mergers and acquisitions suggest that they create value for both the shareholders of the offerer and offeree companies the empirical evidence doesnt always seem to support this. (Meeks 1977) conducted a statistical test to represent the effects of mergers, he in any casek profits from the merged companies by and by(prenominal) the merger and compared them with the weighted average of the participants profits had they not merged base on their earnings prior to the merger. His conclusion was that merged profits were slight than those that the participants would have received had they not joined forces. However some have questioned Meeks research There are weaknesses in Meekss work (Ulen, 1980 234). This being tell Alan Gregorys review of the long black market performance of UK acquiring firms reached a alike conclusion the long-run shareholder wealth effects of recent acquisitions in the UK have been, on average, strongly negative (Gregory, 1997 984). However a report card to evaluate takeovers in the UK from 1955-1985 suggest that both offeror and offeree company shareholders gain from mergers we harness that mergers have, on averag e, been value-creating for shareholders as measured by equity market prices around the merger announcement date. Shareholders of targets gain, and bidder shareholders gain or do not lose. (Franks and Harris, 1989 247). Empirical evidence of the overall wealth gains of target shareholders from stock mergers were reviewed by (Loughran and Vijh 1997). They found that target shareholders that sold out soon after the acquisition date gain from all acquisitions however those who held on to the acquirers stock find their gains diminish over time. Studies on post merger performance of acquiring firms seem to generally forecast negative results as can be seen here We find that stockholders of the acquiring firms suffer a statistically significant wealth loss of about 10% over the five years following the merger completion. (Agrawal, Jaffe Mandelker 1992 1618) and also here We find that these takeovers have a positive but not always significant impact on profitability, and a negative impact on short and long run returns (Cosh, guest and Hughes 2005 489).Real world examplesIn 2006 Disney bought Pixar for $7.4billion. The two companies had been working together prior to the merger but with two different sets of shareholders there were barriers that existed, however with the merger the two companies became able to collaborate freely and with ease. Pixar has doubled its annual charter output something that would have been unthinkable before the merger and with sound advice from Disney has improved vastly in fields such as advertising and merchandising. Pixarmovies tend to perform better than animated movies developed by Disney itself (Garrahan, 2010 16), swindle Story 3 is on course to become the biggest grossing animated film ever released by Walt Disney after generating $630.2m in its first month in cinemas (Garrahan, 2010 16).In 1994 BMW acquired Rover for 800 million. Only six years later and after millions of pounds worth of investment they sold the company, The b rand had declined too far to be rescued. The German group ploughed XEU 4bn into its English patient before getting out in 2000. (The financial times, 2005) The company was sold to the phoenix tetrad for 10 Whobought RoverfromBMW for pounds sterling 10 (Eaglesham Peel, 2008 5). This was a huge disaster, some doomed it on communication WhenBMW boughttheRoverbusiness, communication with the German managers was even worsened (exacerbated by political infighting on the German side). Failure was the inevitable and venomous result. (Lester, 2007 8) and others on the fact that Rover may have been a disjointed cause to begin with Even the mightyBMW, whichbought Roverin 1994, had to look at in the end that the brand had declined too far or at least to give it a future would cost far too much money. (The financial times, 2005)ConclusionTo conclude having researched for example Meeks and Gregorys financial epitome of the empirical evidence and reviewing the real world examples discussed above one may argue that mergers and acquisitions on average may not be beneficial to the shareholders of the acquiring firms. Management tends to underestimate the level of organisation required and therefore take off more than they can chew. However as seen in the Disney-Pixar case mergers can benefit both the offeror and offeree at times.Wordcount 1492