Statistical Analysis: Causes and Death and Illness

Statistical Analysis Causes and Death and IllnessMeagan AtchesonThe statistics around piddles of stopping point argon dictatorial as come up as vital in determining and monitoring the wellness post of populations as well as for identifying unfavourable priorities for various health systems. Most industrialized countries feed good systems in place to determine the main causes of last. In origin to this, ontogeny countries ar non as advanced in placing much(prenominal) systems which proves bad in trying to improve the everyplaceall health of the nation. Indeed, there atomic number 18 vast protestences in the top causes of final st eon deep d suffer developed countries versus the underdeveloped countries. This canvas entrust comp ar and contrast the top louvre causes of decease in the United situates of America and in atomic number 16 Africa as well as provide evidence and ex platformations for these differences. Moreover, it ordain critically discuss th e take a chance factors, health polity, malady progression and manipulation advances or wishing whencece with regard to particular causes in each context. Finally, it will address legitimate approaches contracted to improve the health of populations.The most funda psychical aspect of each health policy looks at methods to maintain as well as improve the health status of a population. Defining the health of a nation as well as how health is measured is critical to any health c ar system (Kr iodinenfeld, 2002). The creative activity health transcription defines health not only in terms of the negative exposition where health is seen as the absence of malady but similarly incorporates physical, mental and social well being (World wellness Organization, 1948). Mortality rates ar the basic form of measurement needed to asses health status. By calculation the number of deaths in a year and comparing it to preceding long time, the health status of various populations lot be determined (Ogden, 2007).Health statistics take aim shown that sicknesss, their occurrence as well as mortality rates differ from one boorish to the next more specifically developed countries as opposed to exploitation countries (Tool Tool, 2004). Developed or industrialised countries such as the USA are typically more economically advanced with a high school level of economic growth and standard of living as well as advanced technological infrastructure. In contrast to this, developing countries like southwest Africa get to a lower standard of living, are under industrialised and have poorer economic growth (Szirmai, 2005).Ranking causes of death is an extremely useful method for re empowering mortality statistics (Ogden, 2007).The U.S plane section of health and homophile services released a report at the end of 2009 on the tether causes of death in the United States by age, sex and race. The top five causes death in rank order were found to be disorders of the sto ck ticker malignant neoplasms chronic lower respiratory diseases cerebrovascular disease and accidents (unwitting injury). It is imperative to note the differences in ranks for age. For precedent the track causes of death for infants were accidents congenital malformations deformations chromosomal abnormalities and malignant neoplasms. This differed to the age group of surrounded by 2-44 years where the leading causes were unintentional injuries, homicide as well as suicide. For one-on-ones over 45, the primary causes of mortality separately were breast disease and stoogecer. Certain variations and similarities exist in the midst of the unlike genders. For both(prenominal) genders, midpoint disease and cancer were the initiatory and cooperate leading causes of death. The troika cause for men was unintentional injury versus stroke for women. The fourth leading cause for both sexes was chronic lower respiratory disease followed by stroke for men and Alzheimers for women. Little deviation was found among the different races (Heron, 2012). These leave alones remained the same for info collected in 2011 (Hoyert Xu, 2012).The atomic number 16 African statistical release for 2010 showed terabyte (TB) to be the leading natural cause of death. The second leading cause of death was flu and pneumonia. The third primary cause was enteral infectious diseases followed by other forms of mall disease (not Ischaemic) and hence cerebrovascular diseases. The first twain causes tuberculosis and influenza and pneumonia were the top two causes for both male and female. The third leading cause for women was cerebrovascular disease followed by enteric infectious disease and thus other forms of inwardness disease. This differed to that of the male group whose third leading cause of death was intestinal infectious disease followed by other forms of marrow disease and therefore cerebrovascular disease. The age group as well as the various provinces in South Af rica were included in this statistical report to lucubrate s washy differences in the top causes of death. In the cease State as well as in Limpopo, the leading cause of death was influenza and pneumonia unlike all other distinguishs where tuberculosis remained the main cause of death. The study death cause for children below the age of fifteen years was intestinal infectious disease compared to the age group 15-64 whose main reason for death was collectible(p) to TB. For those aged over 65, cerebrovascular disease caused the most deaths (Statistics South Africa, 2010).Being a developing country, South African soulfulnesss face a high chance of contracting and dying from Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a disease where bacteria enters and invades various body threads such as the lungs, brain and kidney. It is administer from individuals who contain the untreated, active form of the Tuberculosis bacteria through droplets releases into the activate via coughing, sneezing or sp eaking (Wouk, 2010). Although there are numerous run a jeopardy factors for TB, it mostly affects poorer individuals who are living in rural areas with a lack of affordability for transport as well as treatment, people with weak tolerant systems, those who lack access to Directly Observed Treatment, Short course (DOTS) as well as those who are uninsured. Furthermore, the strongest gamble factor for the development of TB is human immunodeficiency virus. These two diseases continue to have a deadly association as each drives the development of the other. Drug resistant strains of the TB bacteria is a huge risk factor leading to the enormous amounts of deaths in South Africa (Davies, 2005). Moreover, the poor health care system as well as the trammel number of properly trained health arrive aters in South Africa threatens the majority of people who contract Tuberculosis (Downing, Gwyther, Mwangi-Powell, 2012).The national surgical incision of Health in South Africa implemented the National Tuberculosis hear program which aimed to reduce mortality due to TB as well as keep backion of medicate resistance development by 2005. However, the health policy surrounding TB in South Africa needs to be built considerably in various areas. Firstly, public health services need to improve DOTS implementation as well as more accent mark needs to be placed on access and utilisation of health services (World Health Organization, 2009). Moreover, different approaches need to be taken in regard to the HIV on TB relationship. Furthermore, higher quality strategies are needed for better TB diagnosis and treatment (South African Department of health, 2004)Although TB is curable, it is the progression from latent TB infection to multidrug- resistant TB that results in the high mortality figures in South Africa. Individuals with latent TB infection show no signs and symptoms of the disease as it is still in the harmless stage. However, if these individuals do not receive proper treatment, reflecting majority of the graphic symbols nonplus in South Africa, it develops into TB disease. It usually starts out with damage to lung tissue but frequently lands up affecting many body tissues and organs. Moreover, TB is extremely resilient and adaptable. Often in developing countries, the right junto of drugs are not taken for the right amount of time due to a large number of reasons such as poverty and this then leads to multidrug-resistant TB. If left untreated multi-drug resistant TB can be mordant (Dyer, 2010).There have been major efforts to improve TB go for and treatment in South Africa. Fixed dose combination tablets (FDCS) were introduced in 2000 in the hope of pr regulartion of resistance and easier administration. Together with the combination tablets, pointly notice treatment is enforced to ensure treatment adherence and to do prevent emergence of drug resistance (South African Department of health, 2004). Despite these efforts, the TB in cidence and fatality rates still continue to increase. It is therefore not a lack of treatment that hinders South Africa from reaching their target for TB overtop, but rather a lack of appropriate infection control measures in public health settings together with the high prevalence of HIV that results in increased numbers of drug resistant TB themes (Weyer, 2007). midriff disease in developed countries like the United States is mostly attributed to individual deportment and lifestyle unlike TB in South Africa. This disease can be linked to risk factors such as smoking, foaming diet, alcohol abuse, diabetes, lack of physical activity as well as high blood cholesterol and blood pressure. Age, heredity and gender too play a role in the development of heart disease (Brannon Feist, 2010). In contrast to developing countries, Americans face very different risk factors which can often be attributed to their fast paced and busy lifestyles.America implemented a public health achieve ment plan to prevent heart disease and stroke which addresses an urgent need for the action of prevention. This is in contrast to South Africas health policy that still needs to be strengthened. Public health agencies together with the general public of America are needed to help promote the national goals of preventing heart disease as support for these health programmes continue to remain low. The American health action plan aims to improve cardiovascular health through prevention, archaeozoic detective work as well as treatment of various risk factors. This plan similarly includes developing modern health policies that includes innovative intervention programmes for in particular high risk groups that will result in measurable impacts (U.S. department of health and human services, n.d.)Heart disease is a chronic former that tends to get worse over time. Unlike TB, heart disease is not infectious and cannot be spread from one person to the next which is often the case in smal l areas such as the townships in developing countries. Heart disease is mostly a direct result of lifestyle choices. Furthermore, the progression of heart disease can go bad extremely unpredictable as it is different for each person. In some instances, the symptoms of the disease can remain stable over months or even years sooner becoming worse, while in others these symptoms may rapidly development. In America, early stages of heart disease are seen as early as age 15. Hypertension as well as other cardiovascular risk factors has all been linked to the progression of heart failure (Abraham, 2001).New treatments for heart disease have dramatically improved the life expectancy of these individuals in America. Drugs such as statins, antihypertensive agents, thrombolytic agents, anti-platelet as well as anti-coagulation therapies have all proved to be effective treatments. Moreover, novel guile based therapies is an advancement in treatment that has contributed to a decline in card iac mortality in the United States. Through being a developed country, they have access to modern genetics and genomics that will impart for more targeted use of drugs to emerge in the future which will greatly improve the effectiveness of therapy. This is in contrast to South Africas limited resources and modern medical advances that still allow drug resistant TB to be a major cause of death (Weisfeldt Zieman, 2007).Apart from cerebrovascular disease and some forms of heart disease, the leading causes of mortality differed significantly mingled with the United States and South Africa. These variations can be explained by the different risk factors, health policies, disease progressions as well as treatment advances or a lack thereof between the two countries. In contrast to developed countries, developing countries have vastly different health priorities due to a diverse set of risks. The many factors such under industrialization, high unemployment rates, underdeveloped health c are system as well as the low standards of living is the answer to why causes of death are so unalike. Moreover, the problems in the quality of health care need to be intercommunicate in order to see the health of South Africans improve. In America, special intervention programmes need to be introduced to help better the health status of the nation. Furthermore, through the comparisons of the approaches South Africa takes in regard to Tuberculosis versus the approach to heart disease taken in America, proper explanations of the mortality cause differences can be seen.ReferencesAbraham, W. T. (2001). Anti- adrenergic therapy in hypertensive patients with concomitantdisease. In L. Ryden (Eds.). infirmity progression throughout the cardiovascular continuum. (pp. 25-26 ). Germany Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Brannon, L., Feist, J. (2010). Health psychology an introduction to behaviour and health(7th Ed.). USA Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Davies, P.O. (2005). Risk factors for Tub erculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 63(1), 37-46.Downing, J., Gwyther, L., Mwangi- Powell, F. (2012). Public health and palliative care aperspective from Africa. In L. Sallnow, S. Kumar, A.Kellehear (Eds.). International perspectives on public health and palliative care. (pp. 69- 84). Oxon Routledge.Dyer, C.A. (2010). Biographies of disease Tuberculosis. California Greenwood Press.Heron, M. (2012). Deaths Leading causes for 2009. National vital statistics reports, 61(7).Hyattsville, MD National marrow squash for Health Statistics.Hoyert, D.L., Xu, J.Q. (2012). Deaths Preliminary data for 2011. National vital statisticsreports vol 61 no 6. Hyattsville, MD National Centre for Health Statistics.Kronenfeld, J.J. (2002). Health care policy issues and trend.USA Praeger Publishers.Ogden, J. (2007). Health Psychology (4th Ed.). England present University Press.South African Department of Health. (2004). The South African National TuberculosisControl Programme Practical guidelines. Retri eved from http//www.kznhealth.gov.za/Statistics South Africa. (2010). Mortality and causes of death in South Africa findings fromdeath notification (P0309.3). Pretoria Statistics South Africa. Retrieved from www.statssa.gov.za/ effects/P03093/P030932010.pdfSzirmai, A. (2005). The dynamics of socio-economic development. UK CambridgeUniversity Press.Toole, G., Toole, S. (2004). necessity AS Biology for OCR. UK Nelson Thornes Ltd.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for disease control andPrevention.(n.d.). A public health action plan to prevent heart disease and stroke. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/action_plan/pdfs/action_plan_full.pdfWeisfeldt, M. L., Zieman, S.J. (2007). Advances in the prevention and treatment ofcardiovascular disease. Health Affairs, 26(1), 25-37. inside 10.1377/hlthaff.26.1.25Weyer, K. (2007). Case study South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization,85(5), 325-420.World Health Organization. (1948) Preamble of the Constitution of the World HealthOrganisation as adopted by the International Health Conference. Geneva Switzerland.World Health Organization. (2009). WHO policy on TB infection control in health carefacilities. Geneva WHOWouk, H. (2010). Tuberculosis.NY Marshall Cavendish Corporation.Is internationalisation Undermining State Sovereignty?Is Globalisation Undermining State Sovereignty?Is globalisation undermining postulate sovereignty?Throughout the years it has been argued that globalization has a significant effect on enjoin sovereignty. That current debate between scholars and social scientists is trying to determine whether or not invoke can still maintain its own sovereignty. Weiss (1998) suggests that there are certain factors such as investments in supranational parsimoniousness, multinational corporations and non- organizational organizations which demoralize the recite sovereignty. On the other hand, Krasner (2001) argues that in the past similar things such as free swap exist ed and postulate sovereignty was able to dominate. The essay will focus on defining globalization and sovereignty. Then it will observe how multinational corporations, inter-governmental organizations, wanton market scrimping and unlike crime can reduce dry lands power and therefore disobey sovereignty.Sovereignty is a very broad term which Barkin and Cronin (1994, p.107-30) simply defines as the power of submit to make and amend any law at bottom its own accede boundaries. Moreover, sovereignty is defined as the absolute advantage over subjective affairs within its dominion, absolute right to govern its people, and freedom from any external interference in the above matters (Martinez, 1996 Wang, 2004, p.473). The landed estate is the supreme political authority within its territory and therefore it does not recognize any higher political authority outside it. With this definition it would be easier to determine whether or not globalization affects certain aspects of it. Beekens (2003, p.130) illustrates globalization as the world-wide interconnectedness between nation states supplemented by globalization as a process in which basic social arrangements (such as power, culture, markets, politics, rights, values, norms, ideology, identity, citizenship, and solidarity) become disembedded from their spatial context (mainly, the nation-state) because of the acceleration, massification, flexibilisation, diffusion, and expansion of transnational flows of people, products, finance, images, and information. Therefore, first we are red ink to observe how economic factors of globalization free market, increase power of multinational corporations affect the state sovereignty.The end of the World War Two and the nipping War led to a more open world preservation market to countries and individuals as a result of globalization. Therefore, outside(a) trade between countries increased significantly where foreign direct investments and multinational corporat ions enrold too. Since there was an open free market some countries reached gross domestic product as never seen before. For event, a drastic changes can be seen in countries such as France where the GDP export ration rose almost four times and in the United States where it doubled (Michie, 2011, p.30-40). Michie (2011, p.40-43) also mentions that these manakins show us that multinational trade has grown with time leading to economic dependency between countries which weaken state sovereignty. This dependency gives the power of other countries to manipulate and control the economy of another country. For example, in order to attract more consumers for its goods and services, China taints US bonds to maintain the US dollar currency high. This de-escalates states sovereignty, because it undermines the absolute power of a state over internal and foreign affairs within its own boundaries (Wang, 2004, p.474-76). In this sort US is dependent on China to buy their bonds.Multinatio nal corporations and their foreign direct investments are another part of globalization which undermines state sovereignty. The investments only in the developed countries have risen from 17 to 25 percent between 1990 and 2000 which simply shows that the multinational corporations are a big part of the production and manufacturing of goods and services in few countries (Michie, 2011, p.45-50). Furthermore, between 1960s and 1970s there was an increase in foreign direct investments by EU and US multinational corporations which attracted other countries to get have-to doe with too. Strange (1996, p160-80) argues that globalization has increased the powers of multinational corporations making the state sovereignty weaker. Furthermore, Strange notes that the advancements in technology, wider communications, international trade and transportation are separate of the globalization process which is also seen as an impact on state sovereignty. For instance, states do not have full authorit y over individual businesses which operate in the free market economy. As a result of globalization there is an increased competition between international businesses and therefore, state sovereignty is undermined because it questions the power of the state over its internal affairs (Strange, 1996, p181-99).The biggest repugn which state sovereignty is facing even now is international crime. This is when the state cannot protect its citizens from external or internal affairs as for example terrorism. To prevent that governments form inter-governmental organizations. These organizations are not profit organizations and their target is to result concerns and problems that affect the world. Such organisation is the United Nations. A good present example of an international group which pose a threat to state sovereignty is Al Qaeda. As Aydinli (2006, p.35-45) says, the attacks on US and Spain in 2000 undermined their state sovereignty because they were not able to protect their citize ns. On the other hand, in the same year the United States also intervened Iraq and Afghanistan ignoring the United Nations. This could also be seen as international crime because they ignored state sovereignty and beneficial went into these Middle East countries blaming them for supporting terrorism. Despite the fact that the inter-governmental organizations are suppositious to promote peace, sometimes they violate state sovereignty too. For example, in 1999 NATO intervened national Republic of Yugoslavia in order to prevent more humanitarian hurt and more repression and violence against the civilian population (Solana, 1999). This can be seen as an example of countries, members of NATO, trying to stop this humanitarian catastrophe. Although NATOs actions were legal and justified, the government of Yugoslavia undermined sovereignty by putting its own citizens in danger. This contradicts to one of the aspects of state sovereignty in which the state should protect its own populatio n.Another example is Mali. France, which is a key ally in NATO and UN, started a military apparent movement in Mali again the jihadists which led to an intensive airstrikes in order to fold them (Hammond, 2013). In this case NATO affects the state sovereignty because they intervene to protect the people, whereas the state has to govern and protect its own citizens. This intervention might lead to besides violations of human rights or even ethnic conflicts, even though the innovation of this intervention was to stabilize the country. Therefore, as Albala (2005) says, the actions of these inter-governmental organizations undermine the aspects of state sovereignty as they move into other states territory and also participate in the internal and external affairs of the state. Also the international biotic community is currently condemning Russia for undermining the sovereignty of Ukraine. It is unclear if internal sovereignty will be possible. Furthermore, Russia will support prote sts against the new government even if they have to use military power. Russia has also withdrawn their loans from Ukraine making them dependent on Western financial support. At the same time, the territorial integrity of the country is partly at stake as long as pro-Russian part of Ukraine might feel threatened by the clear pro-Western course of the new intermediate government.This can also be seen as another example of undermining state sovereignty.Globalization is not just a threat to state sovereignty, it is more like a threat to culture and national identity. For example, at no point in the history of the EU or error correction code as it was called erasing borders and encounter states have been seriously considered. Despite the fact that the European Union is an inter-governmental organization seeking for peace and development, it opens the borders between the member countries. Free market economy, free trade and immigration have shaped the EU more as one state than an organ ization. That occurs because the open boundaries lead to merging the cultures and national identity is fading away. All this can raise questions to component states whether or not their national identities and state sovereignty are undermined. Moreover, it does undermine the state sovereignty but in a different way throughout international law.International law has been affected by globalization in terms that it makes the international law into a global public law (Garcia, 2005, p.1-2). What it means is that globalization is actually trying to expand the knowledge domain of justice (Garcia, 2005) from domestic to global. An example is the European Union. When a country in the EU wants to make a law, firstly they have to follow the assentments on European Law and regulations. Garcia (2005, p3) says that International h ordnance to individuals are understood within a framework of harm to a states rights. Simply, the state cannot state laws as it wishes and it also has no sovereig n power on internal and external affairsFurthermore, other form of international organizations are the international non-governmental organizations. They start as small community groups where some of them work also with the government, aiming to help where the government is struggling (Baylis, Smith Owens 2011). However, these organizations have spread their work on a global scale and their cultivate has risen. Inter-governmental and international non-governmental organizations have one target which is global governance where transnational actors aim to exonerate problems that affect more than one state. Such organizations are the Red Cross, do International, Oxfarm International. When one of these international NGO goes into a country with a express purpose as for example to give medical help or fight against violence as Amnesty International does in Somalia, they agree not to get politically involved in anyway. If their work is, for example, then stopped by the government wh o accuses them of showing a bias in which they treat and expel them from the country then the NGO can grunt to the UN and ask for support to continue their work. Recently, Amnesty International has requested the UN credential Council to tighten arms control embargo on Somalia (Amnesty International publication 2014). shoemakers last year the UN Security Council allowed Somalia to import small arms and light weapons (Amnesty International publication 2014)). The intergovernmental organization weakens the state sovereignty in that case because despite the fact that they have stabilized the country on first place, their actions have made the government weaker to defend its sovereignty.To summarize, we first looked at what state sovereignty and globalization mean followed by criticism about the influence of globalization over states. We saw how foreign investments by the multinational corporations and the increasing dependency between economics markets as such as the case with United States and China. State sovereignty was undermined because governments became more unstable and lost control over international businesses becoming dependent on them for proving jobs and taxes. This also undermines one of the main principles of state sovereignty which was the absolute power of the state over its internal affairs, citizens and freedom (Martinez, 1996 Wang, 2004, p.473). Globalization has also brought international crime and international organizations which undermine state sovereignty in different aspects. Terrorism as we mentioned weakens the state making it unable to protect its own citizens. Globalization has been also seen to undermine national identity and state values as with European Union where the European Supreme Court acts as highest law within the European Union. Since some governments cannot guarantee protection there are inter-governmental and international non-governmental organization such as NATO, Amnesty International, United Nations which interven e to help those countries such as Yugoslavia, Mali and more recently Ukraine and Somalia. Although they have been also seen to undermine state sovereignty because sometimes as with Somalia, the international organizations have even worsen the situation. With all these factors of globalization free market economy, multinational corporations, foreign direct investments, international crime and international law it can be concluded that states sovereignty and control over its territory has declined throughout the years due globalization.BibliographyAmnesty International, (2014) UN Security Council urged to tighten arms embargo on Somalia Press release 04/03/2014 acquirable on http//amnesty.org/en/news/un-security-council-urged-tighten-arms-embargo-somalia-2014-03-04 Last accessed 05/03/2014Albala, N. (2005) We the peoples, not the states, Available on http//mondediplo.com/2005/09/06people Last glide path on 04/03/2014Aydinli, E (2013) Assessing violent nonstate actorness in global p olitics a framework for analysis, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, DOI10.1080/09557571.2013.819316 Available on http//www.tandfonline.com/inside/abs/10.1080/09557571.2013.819316.Uxez-Pl_uSo Last Accessed on 04/03/2014Barkin, J. and Cronin, B. 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